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吴老师股票投资理财
标题摘要内容
成为一位成功的股票投资人,你必须做到下述三点:第一,获得炒股的基本知识;第二,制定切实可行的炒股计划;第三,严格按照这个计划实行~

巴菲特致股东信3

www.gphztz.com | 作者:吴老师股票合作 | 发布时间: 2022-05-10 | 6821 次浏览 | 分享到:

.... 11 1,275

53,265,080 Wells Fargo & Company ......................... 306 2,497

Others ............................................. 4,621 5,383
------- -------

Total Common Stocks ................... $9,164 $28,363

We continue to do little in equities. Charlie and I are increasingly comfortable with our holdings in Berkshire’s major investees because most of them have increased their earnings while their valuations have decreased. But we are not inclined to add to them. Though these enterprises have good prospects, we don’t yet believe their shares are undervalued.
在股票投资方面,我们依旧没有什么动作,查理跟我对于Berkshire目前主要的持股部位越来越感到满意,一方面由于被投资公司的盈余逐渐增加,同时间其股价反而下滑,不过现在我们还是无意增加持股部位,虽然这些公司的前景都相当不错,但截至目前为止,我们还是不认为他们的股价有受到低估的可能。
In our view, the same conclusion fits stocks generally. Despite three years of falling prices, which have significantly improved the attractiveness of common stocks, we still find very few that even mildly interest us. That dismal fact is testimony to the insanity of valuations reached during The Great Bubble. Unfortunately, the hangover may prove to be proportional to the binge.
我们认为,这种看法也适用于一般的股市,尽管股市连续三年下跌,相对大大增加了投资股票的吸引力,但我们还是很难找到真正能够引起我们兴趣的投资标的,这可谓是先前网络泡沫所遗留下来的后遗症,而很不幸的,狂欢之后所带来的宿醉截至目前而止仍然尚未完全消退。
The aversion to equities that Charlie and I exhibit today is far from congenital. We love owning common stocks – if they can be purchased at attractive prices. In my 61 years of investing, 50 or so years have offered that kind of opportunity. There will be years like that again. Unless, however, we see a very high probability of at least 10% pre-tax returns (which translate to 6?-7% after corporate tax), we will sit on the sidelines. With short-term money returning less than 1% after-tax, sitting it out is no fun. But occasionally successful investing requires inactivity.
查理跟我现在对于股票退避三宿的态度,并非天生如此,事实上,我们非常喜欢投资股票,我是说如果可以以合理的价格进行的话,在我个人61年的投资生涯中,大约有50个年头以上,都有这样的机会出现,我想以后也还会有相当多类似的机会,只不过,除非是我们发现至少可以获得税前10%报酬的机率相当高时,(在扣除企业所得税后,净得6.5%到7%的报酬),否则我们宁可在旁观望,虽然必须忍受短期闲置资金不到1%的税后报酬,但成功的投资本来就必须要有耐性。
Last year we were, however, able to make sensible investments in a few “junk” bonds and loans. Overall, our commitments in this sector sextupled, reaching $8.3 billion by yearend.
所幸,去年我们得以将部份资金运用在一些不错的垃圾债券及债权投资之上,至去年底我们在这方面的累计投资金额增加了6倍,达到83亿美元之谱。
Investing in junk bonds and investing in stocks are alike in certain ways: Both activities require us to make a price-value calculation and also to scan hundreds of securities to find the very few that have attractive reward/risk ratios. But there are important differences between the two disciplines as well. In stocks, we expect every commitment to work out well because we concentrate on conservatively financed businesses with strong competitive strengths, run by able and honest people. If we buy into these companies at sensible prices, losses should be rare. Indeed, during the 38 years we have run the company’s affairs, gains from the equities we manage at Berkshire (that is, excluding those managed at General Re and GEICO) have exceeded losses by a ratio of about 100 to one.
投资垃圾债券跟投资股票在许多方面相当雷同,两者都需要评估价格与价值比,并在成千上万个标的中挑选出少数风险/报酬比率最佳者,当然两者在原则上也有许多明显的不同,在投资股票时,我们预期每一笔投资都会成功,因为我们已将资金锁定在少数几家财务稳健、具备竞争优势并由才干诚信兼具的经理人所经营的公司身上,如果我们以合理的价格买进这类公司时,损失发生的机率通常非常小,确实在我们经营Berkshire 的38年当中(扣除通用再保与GEICO的投资),投资获利的个案比起投资亏损的比例约为100比1。
Purchasing junk bonds, we are dealing with enterprises that are far more marginal. These businesses are usually overloaded with debt and often operate in industries characterized by low returns on capital. Additionally, the quality of management is sometimes questionable. Management may even have interests that are directly counter to those of debtholders. Therefore, we expect that we will have occasional large losses in junk issues. So far, however, we have done reasonably well in this field.

但在投资垃圾债券时,我们面对的企业体质就比较差了,这些公司通常都背负大笔的负债,同时所处产业的投资报酬率都相当低,此外管理当局的素质有时也有问题,其利益有时甚至与债权人相冲突,因此我们预期这类投资难免会出现亏损,所幸到目前为止,我们在这部份的投资绩效还算相当不错。

Corporate Governance公司治理
Both the ability and fidelity of managers have long needed monitoring. Indeed, nearly 2,000 years ago, Jesus Christ addressed this subject, speaking (Luke 16:2) approvingly of “a certain rich man” who told his manager, “Give an account of thy stewardship; for thou mayest no longer be steward.”
长久以来,管理当局的能力与诚信本就必须受到严密的检视,事实上,在2000多年以前,耶稣基督就曾对这个议题发表过看法,祂在路加福音16:2提到:「一位财主叫管家来,请你把所管的事情交代清楚,因为你不再是我的管家」。
Accountability and stewardship withered in the last decade, becoming qualities deemed of little importance by those caught up in the Great Bubble. As stock prices went up, the behavioral norms of managers went down. By the late ’90s, as a result, CEOs who traveled the high road did not encounter heavy traffic.
过去10多年来,企业诚信度与领导风范日渐式微,在网络泡沫巅峰时期,这些特质不再受到人们的重视,当公司股价上涨的同时,经理人的行为举止却向下沉沦,这使得90年代末期,那些高格调的CEO几乎遇不到同路人。
Most CEOs, it should be noted, are men and women you would be happy to have as trustees for your children’s assets or as next-door neighbors. Too many of these people, however, have in recent years behaved badly at the office, fudging numbers and drawing obscene pay for mediocre business achievements. These otherwise decent people simply followed the career path of Mae West: “I was Snow White but I drifted.”
不过必须注意的是,大部分的CEO私底下就像是你会想要把子女的资产付托或就像是邻居般亲切的好好先生女士,不过这里面有很多人,近年来在职场上的表现却每下愈况,不但表现平庸,还假造数字,藉以榨取高额不当的利益,这群美中不足的人士,遵循的不过是Mae West生涯规划:「曾经我是位白雪公主,但如今我已不再清白。」
In theory, corporate boards should have prevented this deterioration of conduct. I last wrote about the responsibilities of directors in the 1993 annual report. (We will send you a copy of this discussion on request, or you may read it on the Internet in the Corporate Governance section of the 1993 letter.) There, I said that directors “should behave as if there was a single absentee owner, whose long-term interest they should try to further in all proper ways.” This means that directors must get rid of a manager who is mediocre or worse, no matter how likable he may be. Directors must react as did the chorus-girl bride of an 85-yearold multimillionaire when he asked whether she would love him if he lost his money. “Of course,” the young beauty replied, “I would miss you, but I would still love you.”
理论上,公司董事会应该要能够预防这类恶质行为的发生,最近一次我在1993年的年报上曾提到过董事们应尽的责任,(若有需要,可向我们索取这篇文章,或者大家可以透过网络直接下载1993年有关企业治理的篇章),当时我曾表示「我认为董事会的行为举止,应该要像是公司背后有一个因事未出席的大股东一样,在各种情况下,都要能够确保这位虚拟大股东的长期利益不会受到损害」,这句话的意思是,董事会绝对不能容许公司让一个平庸或甚至是差劲的经理人存在,不管他是如何受到所有人的爱戴皆然,董事们应该要像是一位年轻的辣妹在下嫁给85岁的亿万富翁时,被问到:「如果我身无分文的话,你是否还会爱我?」时的反应一样,这位年轻女郎回答说:「虽然我爱你,但我会更想念你」。
In the 1993 annual report, I also said directors had another job: “If able but greedy managers overreach and try to dip too deeply into the shareholders’ pockets, directors must slap their hands.” Since I wrote that, over-reaching has become common but few hands have been slapped.
在1993年的年报中,我也曾说过董事的另外一项责任:「要是能干的经营阶层过于贪心,不时地想要从股东的口袋里捞钱,那么董事会就必须适时地出手制止并给予警告」,只可惜自从那以后,尽管经理人掏空口袋的行为司空见惯,但却不见有人出面制止。
Why have intelligent and decent directors failed so miserably? The answer lies not in inadequate laws – it’s always been clear that directors are obligated to represent the interests of shareholders – but rather in what I’d call “boardroom atmosphere.”
为何一向英明且睿智的董事们会如此惨败呢?? 其实问题并不在法律层面,董事会本来就应该以捍卫股东利益为最高职志,我认为真正的症结在于我所谓的"董事会习性"。
It’s almost impossible, for example, in a boardroom populated by well- mannered people, to raise the question of whether the CEO should be replaced. It’s equally awkward to question a proposed acquisition that has been endorsed by the CEO, particularly when his inside staff and outside advisors are present and unanimously support his decision. (They wouldn’t be in the room if they didn’t.) Finally, when the compensation committee –armed, as always, with support from a high-paid consultant – reports on a megagrant of options to the CEO, it would be like belching at the dinner table for a director to suggest that the committee reconsider.
举例来说,通常在充满和谐气氛的董事会议上,几乎不可能讨论到是否应该撤换CEO这类严肃的话题,同样地董事也不可能笨到会去质疑已经由CEO大力背书的购并案,尤其是当列席的内部幕僚与外部顾问皆一致地支持他英明的决策时,(他们若不支持的话,可能早就被赶出去了),最后,当薪资报酬委员会,通常布满了支领高薪的顾问,报告将给予CEO大量的认股权时,任何提出保留意见的董事,通常会被视为像是在宴会上打嗝一样地失礼。
These “social” difficulties argue for outside directors regularly meeting without the CEO – a reform that is being instituted and that I enthusiastically endorse. I doubt, however, that most of the other new governance rules and recommendations will provide benefits commensurate with the monetary and other costs they impose.

在这样的沟通困难下,于是便有让外部董事在CEO不在场的情况下,进行例行聚会的呼声,这项改革目前正在立法当中,个人对于这样的建议,给予相当正面的肯定,不过我也怀疑,增加任何的治理规定以及建议,其所必须付出的金钱与其它成本,可能与因此所得到的利益相当。
The current cry is for “independent” directors. It is certainly true that it is desirable to have directors who think and speak independently – but they must also be business-savvy, interested and shareholder oriented. In my 1993 commentary, those are the three qualities I described as essential.
对于目前外界大声疾呼的"独立董事"制度,理论上,公司绝对必须要有思想与言论上独立的董事存在,但他们同时也必须具有丰富的商业经历、积极的态度,并以股东利益为导向,我在1993年就曾提到,这是我个人认为绝对必要的三项特质。
Over a span of 40 years, I have been on 19 public-company boards (excluding Berkshire’s) and have interacted with perhaps 250 directors. Most of them were “independent” as defined by today’s rules. But the great majority of these directors lacked at least one of the three qualities I value. As a result, their contribution to shareholder well-being was minimal at best and, too often, negative. These people, decent and intelligent though they were, simply did not know enough about business and/or care enough about shareholders to question foolish acquisitions or egregious compensation. My own behavior, I must ruefully add, frequently fell short as well: Too often I was silent when management made proposals that I judged to be counter to the interests of shareholders. In those cases, collegiality trumped independence.
过去40多年来,我曾经担任过19家公开上市公司的董事(Berkshire不算在内),同时至少跟250位以上的董事进行过互动,他们其中多数都符合目前"独立董事"的标准,但这些董事大多至少缺乏我所提到的三项特质之一,这样的结果导致他们对于股东利益的贡献微乎其微,甚至常常有害股东的利益,这些人虽然彬彬有礼且学识渊博,但对于产业的了解却极其有限,同时也不会站在股东的立场去质疑不当的购并决策或不合理的薪资报酬,至于我个人的表现,我必须郁卒地承认,往往做的也不够好:当公司管理阶层在做出有违股东利益的提案时,通常我只能选择沉默以对,在这种状况下,和谐感战胜了独立性。
So that we may further see the failings of “independence,” let’s look at a 62-year case study covering thousands of companies. Since 1940, federal law has mandated that a large proportion of the directors of investment companies (most of these mutual funds) be independent. The requirement was originally 40% and now it is 50%. In any case, the typical fund has long operated with a majority of directors who qualify as independent.
现在让我们更进一步来探讨丧失独立性的现象,看看过去62年以来涵盖数千家公司的个案研究就可看出端倪,自从1940年以来,联邦法令规定投资公司(其中绝大部份为共同基金)一定比例的董事必须维持独立,原本的要求是40%,目前则提高为50%,但不论如何,共同基金的董事会组织运作一般都符合独立性的条件。
These directors and the entire board have many perfunctory duties, but in actuality have only two important responsibilities: obtaining the best possible investment manager and negotiating with that manager for the lowest possible fee. When you are seeking investment help yourself, those two goals are the only ones that count, and directors acting for other investors should have exactly the same priorities. Yet when it comes to independent directors pursuing either goal, their record has been absolutely pathetic.
这些董事及整个董事会依功能区分背负许多责任,但实务上的运作,通常只有两项重要的任务,一是找到最优秀的基金经理人,一是协调争取最低的管理费,我想当一个人在为自己寻求投资的协助时,这两项目标应该是最要紧的,同样地当董事们接受其它投资人托咐时,也应该会有相同的考量,然而实证显示,这些独立董事在这方面的表现却是令人感到叹息。
Many thousands of investment-company boards meet annually to carry out the vital job of selecting who will manage the savings of the millions of owners they represent. Year after year the directors of Fund A select manager A, Fund B directors select manager B, etc. … in a zombie-like process that makes a mockery of stewardship. Very occasionally, a board will revolt. But for the most part, a monkey will type out a Shakespeare play before an “independent” mutual-fund director will suggest that his fund look at other managers, even if the incumbent manager has persistently delivered substandard performance. When they are handling their own money, of course, directors will look to alternative advisors – but it never enters their minds to do so when they are acting as fiduciaries for others.
成千上万的投资公司董事会每年都会聚会行使投资人赋予他们的重大责任-为其背后所代表的数百万投资人选择适当的人选来管理其身家财产,只是我们发现,年复一年董事会只不过是装出掌握控制权的表面假象,A基金公司永远选择A经理人、B基金公司也总是选择B经理人,其制式程序就像僵尸般食古不化,当然偶尔也会有董事会突锤,但大部分的时候,就算现任的基金经理人的表现有多差劲也一样视而不见,我想要等这些独立行使职务的董事愿意开始建议寻找其它合适的经理人人选,恐怕连猴子都有办法写出莎士比亚歌剧了,吊诡的是,当这些人在处理自己的资产时,只要发现苗头不对,他们肯定立刻见风转舵,另觅贤能,实在是无法理解当他们在受托帮他人管理资产时,为何脑筋偏偏就转不过来呢?
The hypocrisy permeating the system is vividly exposed when a fund management company – call it “A” – is sold for a huge sum to Manager  “B”. Now the “independent” directors experience a “counterrevelation” and decide that Manager B is the best that can be found – even though B was available (and ignored) in previous years. Not so incidentally, B also could formerly have been hired at a far lower rate than is possible now that it has bought Manager A. That’s because B has laid out a fortune to acquire A, and B must now recoup that cost through fees paid by the A shareholders who were “delivered” as part of the deal. (For a terrific discussion of the mutual fund business, read John Bogle’s Common Sense on Mutual Funds.)
当一家基金公司-我们姑且称之为A公司,被一位经理人B以极高价位买断时,弥漫在这个系统内的伪善气氛就会被特别凸显,这时我们立刻可以发现这些独立董事们终于开始"自我反省",认为B先生才是最佳的基金经理人,尽管B先生不是今天才存在这个业界(其实是被刻意忽略),而且通常很不凑巧的,B先生在自A先生手中买下A公司后,其薪资价码肯定比原本的薪资水准高得许多,我想主要原因在于,为了取得A公司,B先生已经砸下了大笔的银子,非得从连带移转过来A公司的股东们支付(这也是交易的附带条件)的管理费中捞回来不可,(如果想要多了解基金公司的内幕,建议各位读一读John Bogle的著作-共同基金的常识一书)。
A few years ago, my daughter was asked to become a director of a family of funds managed by a major institution. The fees she would have received as a director were very substantial, enough to have increased her annual income by about 50% (a boost, she will tell you, she could use!). Legally, she would have been an independent director. But did the fund manager
who approached her think there was any chance that she would think independently as to what advisor the fund should employ? Of course not. I am proud to say that she showed real independence by turning down the offer. The fund, however, had no trouble filling the slot (and – surprise –the fund has not changed managers).
几年前,我的女儿受一家大型的基金机构的邀请担任该公司的董事,担任董事的报酬非常可观,大概可以让她的年收入一下子增加50%以上,(关于增加的部份,她个人保证有能力可以运用),在法律形式上,她将会是一位独立的董事,但骨子里基金经理人真的会认为她能够独立地提供任何有用的建议吗?? 当然不,然而我也很自傲的跟各位报告,她果然很独立地拒绝了这项优渥的提案,当然该基金也绝对不愁找不到有人来替代(倒是令人惊讶的该基金并未更换基金经理人)。
Investment company directors have failed as well in negotiating management fees (just as compensation committees of many American companies have failed to hold the compensation of their CEOs to sensible levels). If you or I were empowered, I can assure you that we could easily negotiate materially lower management fees with the incumbent managers of most mutual funds. And, believe me, if directors were promised a portion of any fee savings they realized, the skies would be filled with falling fees. Under the current system, though, reductions mean nothing to “independent” directors while meaning everything to managers. So guess who wins?

投资公司的董事同样也没有能够好好地为投资人协调争取合理的管理费(就像是很多美国大企业的薪资委员会未能将该公司总裁的薪资限制在合理的范围内一样),我想如果是你我受命委托,我可以跟各位打包票,我们绝对可以轻易地跟绝大多数现任的基金经理人谈判,大幅降低其所收取的管理费,而且相信我,如果董事被告知可以分到节省下来的部份所得,我保证管理费用一定降翻天,然而在现有制度下,降低管理费对于独立的董事们来说一点好处都没有,但却又是基金经理人最最在乎的地方,所以很明显的胜负立判。
Having the right money manager, of course, is far more important to a fund than reducing the manager’s fee. Both tasks are nonetheless the job of directors. And in stepping up to these all-important responsibilities, tens of thousands of “independent” directors, over more than six decades, have failed miserably. (They’ve succeeded, however, in taking care of
themselves; their fees from serving on multiple boards of a single “family” of funds often run well into six figures.)
当然找到一位好的基金经理人要远比一昧地删减管理费重要的多,但不论如何,两者都是董事最主要的职责,只是在谈到这些最最重要的责任时,数万名独立董事,六十多年来的经验显示,他们的成绩实在是惨不忍睹,(不过对于自己的权益,他们倒是保护的不错,即便是同时担任同一家基金公司不同基金的董事,其酬劳往往轻易地超过六位数)。
When the manager cares deeply and the directors don’t, what’s needed is a powerful countervailing force – and that’s the missing element in today’s corporate governance. Getting rid of mediocre CEOs and eliminating overreaching by the able ones requires action by owners – big owners. The logistics aren’t that tough: The ownership of stock has grown increasingly concentrated in recent decades, and today it would be easy for institutional managers to exert their will on problem situations. Twenty, or even fewer, of the largest institutions, acting together, could effectively reform corporate governance at a given company, simply by withholding their votes for directors who were tolerating odious behavior. In my view, this kind of concerted action is the only way that corporate stewardship can be meaningfully improved.
当基金经理人非常在乎而董事却漠不关心,这时就需要有一股强而有力的反制力量存在,但偏偏这却是今日公司治理最缺乏的要点,想要能够摆脱平庸CEO的纠缠,寻找真正的能人取而代之,股东们,尤其是大股东必须要站起来有所行动,这样的道理并没有多大的学问,近年来股权的集中程度有增无减,机构投资法人在面对问题发生时,可以很容易依照其意志提出解决方案,只要少数比如说20家大型的投资机构联合采取行动,就可以有效地改革任何一家公司的企业治理程度,只要不把票投给那些容忍脱序行为发生的董事就成了,就我个人的看法,唯有采取这种的团结一致的行动才可能让企业治理获得明显的改善。
Unfortunately, certain major investing institutions have “glass house” problems in arguing for better governance elsewhere; they would shudder, for example, at the thought of their own performance and fees being closely inspected by their own boards. But Jack Bogle of Vanguard fame, Chris Davis of Davis Advisors, and Bill Miller of Legg Mason are now offering leadership in getting CEOs to treat their owners properly. Pension funds, as well as other fiduciaries, will reap better investment returns in the future if they support these men.
不幸的是,某些大型的投资机构根本上存在着"玻璃屋"的问题,声称可以从其它地方着手加强企业治理,比如说,它们一想到董事会要来严密检视其绩效及管理费时,就感到惊惧不已,但先锋基金的Jack Bogle、Davis投顾的Chris Davis及Legg Mason的Bill Miller现在都站出来引导CEO朝向公平对待股东的路上迈进,而如果退休基金以及其它信托基金也能够一起站出来支持这群人,个人相信这些机构在未来一定可以得到更佳的投资报酬。
The acid test for reform will be CEO compensation. Managers will cheerfully agree to board “diversity,” attest to SEC filings and adopt meaningless proposals relating to process. What many will fight, however, is a hard look at their own pay and perks.
办别改革真伪的最好方法就是看看CEO的待遇报酬,经理人一般都相当赞同董事会的多元化,以符合证管会的法令要求,并依规范遵循一些没有太大意义的作业程序,然而多数经理人真正关心的,还是如何争取对自己最有利的待遇及福利。
In recent years compensation committees too often have been tail- wagging puppy dogs meekly following recommendations by consultants, a breed not known for allegiance to the faceless shareholders who pay their fees. (If you can’t tell whose side someone is on, they are not on yours.) True, each committee is required by the SEC to state its reasoning about pay in the proxy. But the words are usually boilerplate written by the company’s lawyers or its human-relations department.
近年来,薪资报酬委员会往往扮演摇尾乞怜的摇摆狗,有如橡皮章一样被动遵循顾问们的建议,就是那群由股东们付高薪却不懂得效忠其主之流,(如果你不清楚这群人到底是站在那一边,那么它们肯定不是跟你一国的),确实每一个委员会在委托书件中都会被证券主管机关要求说明其报酬的缘由,但其用词遣字往往是由公司律师或者是公关部门事先安排好的例行法律用字。
This costly charade should cease. Directors should not serve on compensation committees unless they are themselves capable of negotiating on behalf of owners. They should explain both how they think about pay and how they measure performance. Dealing with shareholders’ money, moreover, they should behave as they would were it their own.
这类画蛇添足的行为实无存在之必要,董事们不应担任薪资委员会成员,除非他们自认为有能力为股东们喉舌争取权益,同时他们必须说明对于经理人报酬的看法以及如何来评估其绩效,在代投资人管理资金时,他们必须像是在处理自己的金钱一样用心。
In the 1890s, Samuel Gompers described the goal of organized labor as “More!” In the 1990s, America’s CEOs adopted his battle cry. The upshot is that CEOs have often amassed riches while their shareholders have experienced financial disasters.
1890年代,美国劳工联盟创盟主席 Samuel Gompers形容劳工组织的主要目标就是"我要更多",1990年代美国企业的CEO们采取相同的口号,而最终的结果往往是CEO们累积了大量的财富的同时,股东们却遭受重大的财务损失。
Directors should stop such piracy. There’s nothing wrong with paying well for truly exceptional business performance. But, for anything short of that, it’s time for directors to shout “Less!” It would be a travesty if the bloated pay of recent years became a baseline for future compensation. Compensation committees should go back to the drawing boards.
董事会绝对必须要阻止这样的劣行,虽然支付高薪给表现真正优秀的经理人本是天经地义的事,但如果不是那么一回事的话,董事们就有必要大胆说句"够了",否则要是近年来这类夸张的薪资报酬成为往后薪资报酬的底限时岂不荒唐,关于此事薪资委员会实有必要再好好重长计议一番。

Rules that have been proposed and that are almost certain to go into effect will require changes in Berkshire’s board, obliging us to add directors who meet the codified requirements for “independence.” Doing so, we will add a test that we believe is important, but far from determinative, in fostering independence: We will select directors who have huge and true ownership interests (that is, stock that they or their family have purchased, not been given by Berkshire or received via options), expecting those interests to influence their actions to a degree that dwarfs other considerations such as prestige and board fees.
目前正在修正并渴望于近日通过的法令,势必要求Berkshire的董事会进行改组,在原本的董事外增列符合"独立性"法令规范的独立董事,为此我们认为还必须增加另外一项相当重要但也不是那么绝对的测试,以认定其独立性,我们将选拔真正拥有重大权益(也就是其本人或家族投资,而不是由Berkshire透过认股权给予的股份),以确保其真正会为了自身的权益而不是名望或董事酬劳来决定其做法。
That gets to an often-overlooked point about directors’ compensation, which at public companies averages perhaps $50,000 annually. It baffles me how the many directors who look to these dollars for perhaps 20% or more of their annual income can be considered independent when Ron Olson, for example, who is on our board, may be deemed not independent because he receives a tiny percentage of his very large income from Berkshire legal fees. As the investment company saga suggests, a director whose moderate income is heavily dependent on directors’ fees –and who hopes mightily to be invited to join other boards in order to earn more fees – is highly unlikely to offend a CEO or fellow directors, who in a major way will determine his reputation in corporate circles. If regulators believe that “significant” money taints independence (and it certainly can), they have overlooked a massive class of possible offenders.
这其中又牵涉到常常被忽视的董事报酬问题,上市公司董事的年平均收入达到5万美元以上,这让我感到困惑,多数董事在面对这笔超过其年收入20%以上的金钱时,是如何维持其独立性的,相对地Berkshire的董事之一Ron Olson,就比较不会被认为不独立,因为他从Berkshire公司收取的法律顾问费只不过占其庞大收入的非常小部份,就如一位投资公司先知所说的,一位收入普通相当依赖董事酬劳,而且亟欲受邀担任其它公司董事以获取更多董事报酬的人,他很有可能不敢斗胆冒犯CEO或其它董事成员,因为后者对于前者在公司业界的名声有相当大的影响力,而如果管理当局相信高额金钱会影响到独立性(事实也确是如此),那么他们很有可能错过了一大群真正敢发出声音的人。
At Berkshire, wanting our fees to be meaningless to our directors, we pay them only a pittance. Additionally, not wanting to insulate our directors from any corporate disaster we might have, we don’t provide them with officers’ and directors’ liability insurance (an unorthodoxy that, not so incidentally, has saved our shareholders many millions of dollars over the
years). Basically, we want the behavior of our directors to be driven by the effect their decisions will have on their family’s net worth, not by their compensation. That’s the equation for Charlie and me as managers, and we think it’s the right one for Berkshire directors as well.
在Berkshire,为了避免董事报酬占其个人收入的比例太高,我们仅象征性地支付一点报酬,此外为了不让董事们规避公司发生重大经营意外的风险,我们也不提供董事经理人责任保险(虽然这在一般公司并非常态,但每年却也为公司节省了好几百万美元的保险费用),基本上,我们希望董事们的行为想法跟在处理自家财务一般小心谨慎,而不只是着眼于董事报酬,这跟查理与我本人在身为Berkshire经营者的心态一致,我们这样的做法同样也适用于Berkshire的董事们。
To find new directors, we will look through our shareholders list for people who directly, or in their family, have had large Berkshire holdings – in the millions of dollars – for a long time. Individuals making that cut should automatically meet two of our tests, namely that they be interested in Berkshire and shareholder-oriented. In our third test, we will look for business savvy, a competence that is far from commonplace.
为了寻找新任董事,我们会先从现有股东名单中着手,挑选个人及家族长期拥有大量Berkshire股份的股东,金额绝对以百万计,因为达到标准的这些人很自然的已经符合前两项测试,也就是他们关心Berkshire,同时也以股东权益为导向,至于第三项测试,我们将挑选具有丰富商业经验的人士,这点的困难度相对就较高。
Finally, we will continue to have members of the Buffett family on the board. They are not there to run the business after I die, nor will they then receive compensation of any kind. Their purpose is to ensure, for both our shareholders and managers, that Berkshire’s special culture will be nurtured when I’m succeeded by other CEOs.
最后,巴菲特家族成员也将继续留在Berkshire的董事会中,但这并不代表他们在我死后会接手经营Berkshire,也不会另外领取其它额外的报酬,他们主要的目标是替所有公司经理人与股东,确保未来在其它CEO接替我之后,Berkshire能够继续保有其特有的企业文化。
Any change we make in the composition of our board will not alter the way Charlie and I run Berkshire. We will continue to emphasize substance over form in our work and waste as little time as possible during board meetings in show-and-tell and perfunctory activities. The most important job of our board is likely to be the selection of successors to Charlie and
me, and that is a matter upon which it will focus.
当然任何董事会的变动都不会影响到查理跟我经营Berkshire的方式,我们还是会像过去一样重实质而不重形式,并且尽量避免董事会把时间浪费在形式上的问答上,Berkshire董事会最主要的任务就是决定查理跟我日后的继承人,这才是他们将来真正应该要做的。
The board we have had up to now has overseen a shareholder-oriented business, consistently run in accord with the economic principles set forth on pages 68-74 (which I urge all new shareholders to read). Our goal is to obtain new directors who are equally devoted to those principles.

截至目前为止,我们的董事会监督的是一家以股东权益为主要导向的企业,并一直以68-74页所揭示的经营原则(这也是我一向督促新进股东必读的资料)持续运作中,而我们的目标也是找到同样关心这类原则的新任董事。
The Audit Committee审计委员会
Audit committees can’t audit. Only a company’s outside auditor can determine whether the earnings that a management purports to have made are suspect. Reforms that ignore this reality and that instead focus on the structure and charter of the audit committee will accomplish little.
审计委员会没有能力进行稽核,唯有公司外部独立的会计师才有能力判断公司管理当局提出的盈余报告是否可疑,没有正视这项现实而只是将焦点放在审计委员会组织架构上的任何改革终将徒劳无功。
As we’ve discussed, far too many managers have fudged their company’s numbers in recent years, using both accounting and operational techniques that are typically legal but that nevertheless materially mislead investors. Frequently, auditors knew about these deceptions. Too often, however, they remained silent. The key job of the audit committee is simply to get the auditors to divulge what they know.
就像是我们先前讨论过的,近年来太多的经理人在公司的营运数字上动手脚,不管是会计帐上或是营运统计皆是如此,表面上虽然完全合法,但实际上却严重误导投资人,在通常的情况下,会计师都相当清楚这些欺骗手法,但偏偏他们选择保持沉默,所以审计委员会最主要的职责就是让会计师吐露他们所知道的事实。
To do this job, the committee must make sure that the auditors worry more about misleading its members than about offending management. In recent years auditors have not felt that way. They have instead generally viewed the CEO, rather than the shareholders or directors, as their client. That has been a natural result of day-to-day working relationships and
also of the auditors’ understanding that, no matter what the book says, the CEO and CFO pay their fees and determine whether they are retained for both auditing and other work. The rules that have been recently instituted won’t materially change this reality. What will break this cozy relationship is audit committees unequivocally putting auditors on the spot, making them understand they will become liable for major monetary penalties if they don’t come forth with what they know or suspect.
要达成这项任务,委员会必须确定会计师勇于冒犯管理当局,免于成为同谋误导委员会的共犯,但很遗憾近年来会计师的想法作为却刚好相反,他们往往把公司的CEO,而不是股东或董事当作是客户,这是因为平日合作的关系使然,同时会计师也很清楚,不论公司的报表数字如何,CEO与CFO保证会支付签证公费,并且有权决定是否由原会计师继续进行签证业务及其它服务,而近来修正的法令依然无法改变这个根本的现实,想要打破这种暧昧的关系,唯有靠审计委员会明白地告诉会计师,让他们清楚地了解如果不将所发现或怀疑的事实说出来,他们将必须负担大笔的金钱赔偿。
In my opinion, audit committees can accomplish this goal by asking four questions of auditors, the answers to which should be recorded and reported to shareholders. These questions are:

我个人认为,审计委员会可以经由询问会计师以下四个问题来达到这个目的,同时必须将他们的回复记录下来,并向股东报告,这四个问题分别是:
1. If the auditor were solely responsible for preparation of the company’s financial statements, would they have in any way been prepared differently from the manner selected by management? This question should cover both material and nonmaterial differences. If the auditor would have done something differently, both management’s argument and the auditor’s response should be disclosed. The audit committee should then evaluate the facts.
1.如果今年是由 贵会计师单独负责本公司的财务报表编制,那么你的做法会不会与现在管理当局准备的报表有所不同? 不论是重大或不重大的差异,都必须答复,如果 贵会计师的做法有任何不同,包含管理当局的论述以及会计师的回复都必须揭露,然后由审计委员会来评估现实的状况。

2. If the auditor were an investor, would he have received – in plain English – the information essential to his understanding the company’s financial performance during the reporting period?

2.如果 贵会计师身为投资人,那么你是否认为已经收到了-讲的白一点-你认为了解这家公司在签证期间财务经营状况,所需的所有必要信息?
3. Is the company following the same internal audit procedure that would be followed if the auditor himself were CEO? If not, what are the differences and why?

3.如果 贵会计师是本公司的CEO,那么你认为本公司是否已经遵循了所有必要的内部稽核程序? 如果没有,是哪边有差异,以及其原因为何?
4. Is the auditor aware of any actions – either accounting or operational –that have had the purpose and effect of moving revenues or expenses from one reporting period to another?
4. 贵会计师是否知悉管理当局有任何可能挪移公司的收入或费用的举动,不管是会计帐面或者是营运统计上的数字?
If the audit committee asks these questions, its composition – the focus of most reforms – is of minor importance. In addition, the procedure will save time and expense. When auditors are put on the spot, they will do their duty. If they are not put on the spot . . . well, we have seen the results of that.
我相信如果审计委员会能确实询问会计师以上四个问题,那么其组织架构(这是大部分改革计画的重点)就一点也不重要了,此外,这样的做法可以大大节省时间跟成本,当会计师被推上火线,保证他们会乖乖负起职责,但如果让他们静静地躲在角落,嗯! 届时你就知道结果如何。
The questions we have enumerated should be asked at least a week before an earnings report is released to the public. That timing will allow differences between the auditors and management to be aired with the committee and resolved. If the timing is tighter – if an earnings release is imminent when the auditors and committee interact – the committee will
feel pressure to rubberstamp the prepared figures. Haste is the enemy of accuracy. My thinking, in fact, is that the SEC’s recent shortening of reporting deadlines will hurt the quality of information that shareholders receive. Charlie and I believe that rule is a mistake and should be rescinded.
我们列举的这些问题必须要财务报表正式对外公布的前一个礼拜提出,这段时间应该足够让委员会了解会计师与管理当局间的差异在哪里,并把问题解决,因为如果时间太紧,将会面临财报发布在即,但会计师与委员会却还在沟通的窘境,这将使委员会迫于压力沦为橡皮图章的老路,时间越赶,准确度就越差,就像是我个人认为,证管会最近缩短财报公布的时程的做法,将严重影响到股东们接收财务信息的品质,查理跟我认为这样的规定根本就是个错误,应该要立即加以改正。
The primary advantage of our four questions is that they will act as a prophylactic. Once the auditors know that the audit committee will require them to affirmatively endorse, rather than merely acquiesce to, management’s actions, they will resist misdoings early in the process, well before specious figures become embedded in the company’s books. Fear of the plaintiff’s bar will see to that.

我们这四个问题最主要的优点在于,它们将能够发挥防范于未然的效果,一旦会计师了解到审计委员会将会要求他们肯定地为管理当局的行为背书,而不是默默地姑息他们时,会计师就能够在事情刚发生的初期就出面制止,让有问题的数字不在会计帐上出现,可能的牢狱威胁保证会发生效用。

The Chicago Tribune ran a four-part series on Arthur Andersen last September that did a great job of illuminating how accounting standards and audit quality have eroded in recent years. A few decades ago, an Arthur Andersen audit opinion was the gold standard of the profession. Within the firm, an elite Professional Standards Group (PSG) insisted on honest reporting, no matter what pressures were applied by the client. Sticking to these principles, the PSG took a stand in 1992 that the cost of stock options should be recorded as the expense it clearly was. The PSG’s position was reversed, however, by the “rainmaking” partners of Andersen who knew what their clients wanted – higher reported earnings no matter what the reality. Many CEOs also fought expensing because they knew that the obscene megagrants of options they craved would be slashed if the true costs of these had to be recorded.
芝加哥论坛报在去年九月刊登了四天连载,详细报导近年来安达信会计师事务所是如何让会计准则与审计品质腐化到如此地步,十几年前,安达信事务所出具的意见可以说是业界的金字招牌,在事务所内部,由一群菁英组成的专业准则小组(PSG),不管面对来自客户多少的压力,仍坚持财务报表必须诚实编制,为了坚持这项原则,PSG在1992年坚持选择权本来就应该列为费用的立场,然而曾几何时,PSG在另一群"呼风唤雨"的合伙人推动下,对于此立场做了180度的转变,他们相当清楚客户心里最渴望的东西-那就是亮丽的盈余数字,不论实际的状况如何。而许多CEO也极力反对将选择权成本列为费用,因为他们相当清楚,如果这些高额选择权成本如实反应在公司帐上的话,他们渴望已久的大笔选择权将会马上被取消。
Soon after the Andersen reversal, the independent accounting standards board (FASB) voted 7-0 for expensing options. Predictably, the major auditing firms and an army of CEOs stormed Washington to pressure the Senate – what better institution to decide accounting questions? – into castrating the FASB. The voices of the protesters were amplified by their
large political contributions, usually made with corporate money belonging to the very owners about to be bamboozled. It was not a sight for a civics class.
在安达信立场转变后不久,独立的会计准则委员会(FASB)以7比0的票数通过将选择权成本列为费用,而如预期的,大型会计师事务所以及大群的CEO蜂拥赶赴首府华盛顿向参议院施压企图废掉FASB,到底是哪一个单位最适合来处理会计问题啊! 抗议者的声音透过大笔的政治献金大量传送出去,讽刺的是他们用的是原来属于被欺瞒股东所拥有的公司资金,这实在不是文明社会应该有的现象。
To its shame, the Senate voted 88-9 against expensing. Several prominent Senators even called for the demise of the FASB if it didn’t abandon its position. (So much for independence.) Arthur Levitt, Jr., then Chairman of the SEC – and generally a vigilant champion of shareholders – has since described his reluctant bowing to Congressional and corporate pressures
as the act of his chairmanship that he most regrets. (The details of this sordid affair are related in Levitt’s excellent book, Take on the Street.)
可耻的是,参议院竟以88对9票通过反对选择权列为费用,几位资深的参议员甚至扬言废掉FASB,如果它依然坚持原来的立场(真是好有独立性啊!),当时的证管会主席Arthur Levitt,他一向也是股东权益的捍卫先锋,后来表示当时迫于压力向国会及企业低头,是他在担任证管会主席任内最感到遗憾的一件事,(有关这件遗憾的往事,相关的细节可参考Levitt所写的好书-挑战华尔街)。
With the Senate in its pocket and the SEC outgunned, corporate America knew that it was now boss when it came to accounting. With that, a new era of anything-goes earnings reports – blessed and, in some cases, encouraged by big-name auditors – was launched. The licentious behavior that followed quickly became an air pump for The Great Bubble.
在参议院成为其囊中物,而证管会又不敌火力的情况下,美国企业了解到他们在会计方面已经是天下无敌,就这样"随只我高兴,有什么不可以"盈余报告的新时代于焉到来,更理想的是,还有知名的大会计师在后面推波助澜,。
 After being threatened by the Senate, FASB backed off its original position and adopted an “honor system” approach, declaring expensing to be preferable but also allowing companies to ignore the cost if they wished. The disheartening result: Of the 500 companies in the S&P, 498 adopted the method deemed less desirable, which of course let them report higher  “earnings.” Compensation-hungry CEOs loved this outcome: Let FASB have the honor; they had the system.
面临来自参议院的威胁,FASB也从原来的立场退缩,转而采取"自我要求"的荣誉制度做法,声明费用化为优先但也容许公司依个别喜好忽略此成本不计,这是多么令人感到伤痛的结果,在S&P 500大公司当中,共有498家选择采取比较不理想的方法,好让他们的帐列盈余好看一点,想钱想疯了的CEO们当然很高兴最后的结果,FASB赢得了面子,而他们却赢得了里子。
In our 1992 annual report, discussing the unseemly and self-serving behavior of so many CEOs, I said “the business elite risks losing its credibility on issues of significance to society – about which it may have much of value to say – when it advocates the incredible on issues of significance to itself.”
在我们1992年的年报当中,我们提到了许多CEO不当的自肥行为,我将之称为"企业菁英冒着失去他们在社会重大议题公信力的风险-这是他们本来拥有相当发言份量的领域-当他们在大力鼓吹让自己夺取不合理利益的做法"。
 That loss of credibility has occurred. The job of CEOs is now to regain America’s trust – and for the country’s sake it’s important that they do so. They will not succeed in this endeavor, however, by way of fatuous ads, meaningless policy statements, or structural changes of boards and committees. Instead, CEOs must embrace stewardship as a way of life and
treat their owners as partners, not patsies. It’s time for CEOs to walk the walk.

这种公信力沦丧的现象已经发生,目前CEO们最大的任务是如何重拾美国大众对他们的信任,而站在国家利益的立场,他们绝对有必要这样做,但如果我们看到的是一再自以为是的言论、无意义的政策说明、董事会与委员会形式上的搬风改组,那么一切的努力终将徒劳无功,相反的,我认为CEO们应该将领导力落实到内心中,将股东们视为真正的伙伴而不是其禁脔,现在是CEO们起而行的时候了。

Three suggestions for investors: First, beware of companies displaying weak accounting. If a company still does not expense options, or if its pension assumptions are fanciful, watch out. When managements take the low road in aspects that are visible, it is likely they are following a similar path behind the scenes. There is seldom just one cockroach in the kitchen.
给投资人三个衷心的建议,第一,特别注意会计帐务有问题的公司,如果一家公司迟迟不肯将选择权成本列为费用,或者其退休金精算的假设过于乐观,千万要小心。当管理当局在人前选择比较软的柿子来吃,那么在人后很有可能也是如此,厨房里绝对不可能只有一只蟑螂。
 Trumpeting EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) is a particularly pernicious practice. Doing so implies that depreciation is not truly an expense, given that it is a “non-cash” charge. That’s nonsense. In truth, depreciation is a particularly unattractive expense because the cash outlay it represents is paid up front, before the asset acquired has delivered any benefits to the business. Imagine, if you will, that at the beginning of this year a company paid all of its employees for the next ten years of their service (in the way they would lay out cash for a fixed asset to be useful for ten years). In the following nine years, compensation would be a “non-cash” expense – a reduction of a prepaid compensation asset established this year. Would anyone care to argue that the recording of the expense in years two through ten would be simply a book keeping formality?

大力鼓吹EBITDA-亦即扣除利息税负及折旧摊销前盈余的观念更是一项危险的举动,这意思好象说折旧根本就不是费用的一种,因为它并不影响到现金的流出,这根本就是一派胡言,确实折旧是一项很不起眼的费用,因为它的现金支出是在取得的资产还未发挥效益之前就预先支付的,然而现在假设你在年初就预先支付公司员工未来十年的薪资报酬(就好象是支付现金购买一项耐用年限达十年的固定资产一般),那么在接下来的九年之间,所有的薪资报酬都将变成一项没有现金支出的费用,会计上系做为预付费用的减项。在这种状况下,不知道还有没有人敢说后九年所记录的费用只不过是会计上的形式而已呢??
Second, unintelligible footnotes usually indicate untrustworthy management. If you can’t understand a footnote or other managerial explanation, it’s usually because the CEO doesn’t want you to. Enron’s descriptions of certain transactions still baffle me. Finally, be suspicious of companies that trumpet earnings projections and growth expectations. Businesses seldom operate in a tranquil, no-surprise environment, and earnings simply don’t advance smoothly (except, of course, in the offering books of investment bankers).
第二,复杂难懂的财务报表附注揭露通常暗示管理当局不值得信赖,如果你根本就看不懂附注揭露或管理当局的说明解释,这通常代表管理当局压根就不想让你搞懂,安隆在某些交易的过程说明,到现在还让我相当困惑。最后要特别小心那些习惯夸大盈余预测及成长预期的公司,企业很少能够在一帆风顺、毫无意外的环境下经营,所以盈余也很难按照当初预计般稳定成长(那只有券商提供的公开说明书才看得到)。
Charlie and I not only don’t know today what our businesses will earn next year – we don’t even know what they will earn next quarter. We are suspicious of those CEOs who regularly claim they do know the future –and we become downright incredulous if they consistently reach their declared targets. Managers that always promise to “make the numbers” will
at some point be tempted to make up the numbers.

目前查理跟我不仅不清楚明年我们旗下事业到底能够赚多少钱,我们甚至不知道下一季的数字,所以我们相当怀疑那些常常声称知道未来会如何如何的人,而如果他们真的每次都能达到盈余目标,我们反而更怀疑这其中有鬼,那些习惯保证能够达到数字目标的人,总有一天会被迫去假造数字。

Shareholder-Designated Contributions股东指定慈善捐赠
About 97.3% of all eligible shares participated in Berkshire's 2002 shareholder-designated contributions program, with contributions totaling $16.5 million.
大约有97.3%的有效股权参与Berkshire 2002年的股东指定捐赠计划,捐出的款项总计约1,650万美元。
Cumulatively, over the 22 years of the program, Berkshire has made contributions of $197 million pursuant to the instructions of our shareholders. The rest of Berkshire's giving is done by our subsidiaries, which stick to the philanthropic patterns that prevailed before they were acquired (except that their former owners themselves take on the responsibility for their personal charities). In aggregate, our subsidiaries made contributions of $24 million in 2002, including in-kind donations of $4 million.
累计过去22年以来,Berkshire总计已依照股东意愿捐赠出高达1.97亿美元的款项,除了之外,Berkshire还透过旗下的子公司进行捐赠,而这些慈善活动都是早在他们被我们购并以前就行之有年的(扣除先前的老板自行本身负责的个人捐赠计划),总的来说,我们旗下的关系企业在2002年总计捐出2,400万美元,其中包含400万美元等值的物品。
To participate in future programs, you must own Class A shares that are registered in the name of the actual owner, not the nominee name of a broker, bank or depository. Shares not so registered on August 31, 2003 will be ineligible for the 2003 program. When you get the contributions form from us, return it promptly so that it does not get put aside or forgotten. Designations received after the due date will not be honored.

想要参加这项计画的人,必须拥有A级普通股,同时确定您的股份是登记在自己而非股票经纪人或保管银行的名下,同时必须在2003年8月31日之前完成登记,才有权利参与2003年的捐赠计画,当你收到表格后,请立即填写后寄回,以免被丢在一旁给忘记了,逾期恕不受理。

The Annual Meeting年度股东大会

This year’s annual meeting will be held on Saturday, May 3, and once again we will be at the Civic Auditorium. The doors will open at 7 a.m., the movie will begin at 8:30, and the meeting itself will commence at 9:30. There will be a short break at noon for food. (Sandwiches will be available at the Civic’s concession stands.) That interlude aside, Charlie and I will answer questions until 3:30. Give us your best shot.
今年的股东会预计在5/3星期六举行,地点仍将选在市立体育馆,大门会在当天早上七点开放,同时电影短片照例会在八点半播放,正式会议则从九点半开始,扣除中午短暂的休息时间, (会场外有供应三明治等各类点心),除了中午休息时间外,查理跟我本人会在现场回答大家各类问题直到下午三点半,记得将你的问题准备好。
 An attachment to the proxy material that is enclosed with this report explains how you can obtain the credential you will need for admission to the meeting and other events. As for plane, hotel and car reservations, we have again signed up American Express (800-799-6634) to give you special help. They do a terrific job for us each year, and I thank them for it.
In our usual fashion, we will run vans from the larger hotels to the meeting. Afterwards, the vans will make trips back to the hotels and to Nebraska Furniture Mart, Borsheim’s and the airport. Even so, you are likely to find a car useful.
后面附有股东会开会投票的相关资料,向各位解释如何拿到股东会入场及其它活动必须的识别证,至于有关机位、住宿、租车等预订服务,我们很高兴与美国运通(电话800-799-6634)再次签约为您提供相关安排,每年他们都为大家提供非常好的服务,在此谨代表大家向他们说声谢谢,一如往来我们会安排小巴士往来会场与旅馆之间,同时在会后小巴士还会载大家回旅馆或是到内布拉斯加家具店、波仙珠宝店及机场等地,当然即便如此你可能会觉得如果有一辆车会更方便。
Our exhibit area for Berkshire goods and services will be bigger and better than ever this year. So be prepared to spend. I think you will particularly enjoy visiting The Pampered Chef display, where you may run into Doris and Sheila.
今年Berkshire各项产品及服务的展示场地将会比以往更大更好,所以请大家准备好大大地血拼,我想大家应该会特别喜欢TPC的摊位,在那里你很有可能会碰到Doris及Sheila。
GEICO will have a booth staffed by a number of its top counselors from around the country, all of them ready to supply you with auto insurance quotes. In most cases, GEICO will be able to give you a special shareholder discount (usually 8%). This special offer is permitted by 41 of the 49 jurisdictions in which we operate. Bring the details of your existing insurance and check out whether we can save you money.
GEICO公司会再度派出各地区最优秀的业务员,在会场设立摊位,随时提供股东们汽车保单的报价,在大多数的情况下,GEICO都可以提供给你一个相当优惠的股东折扣(大约8%),这个特别优惠在我们有营业据点的全美49州中的41州都有效,各位记得将自己现在的投保资料带来,看看是否能帮自己省下一笔钱。
On Saturday, at the Omaha airport, we will have the usual array of aircraft from NetJetsR available for your inspection. Just ask a representative at the Civic about viewing any of these planes. If you buy what we consider an appropriate number of items during the weekend, you may well need your own plane to take them home. Furthermore, if you buy a fraction of a plane, I’ll personally see that you get a three-pack of briefs from Fruit of the Loom.
星期六在奥玛哈机场,我们仍将展示一系列的机队供大家参观,请到市立体育馆向EJA的业务代表洽询参观的事宜,如果你股东会买了一大推相关产品,我相信你一定也需要用自己的飞机把它们带回家,甚至如果你真的买下飞机的部份所有权,我个人也亲自确定你收到一个Fruit of Loom生产的大行李箱。
At Nebraska Furniture Mart, located on a 77-acre site on 72nd Street between Dodge and Pacific, we will again be having “Berkshire Weekend” pricing, which means we will be offering our shareholders a discount that is customarily given only to employees. We initiated this special pricing at NFM six years ago, and sales during the “Weekend” grew from $5.3 million in 1997 to $14.2 million in 2002.
位于道奇街与太平洋街的内布拉斯加家具店NFM,再度会有Berkshire周特卖,我们将特别提供给股东原先只有员工可以享有的优惠价,我们在6年前首次推出这种促销活动,营业额更一举从1997年的530万美元成长到2002年的1,420万美元。
To get the discount, you must make your purchases during the Thursday, May 1 through Monday, May 5 period and also present your meeting credential. The period’s special pricing will even apply to the products of several prestigious manufacturers that normally have ironclad rules against discounting but that, in the spirit of our shareholder weekend, have made an exception for you. We appreciate their cooperation. NFM is open from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. on weekdays and 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on Sundays. On Saturday this year, from 6 p.m. to 10 p.m., we are having a special affair for shareholders only. I’ll be there, eating hot dogs and drinking Coke.
想要享有折扣记得在5/1星期四到5/5星期一间采购,并出示股东开会证明,在这期间的特卖活动也适用于许多原本从不打折的顶级品牌,这可是为了股东会才特别破例,我们很感谢他们的配合,NFM的营业时间平日从早上10点到下午9点,星期六及星期日则从早上10点到下午6点,在今年的星期六,我们将有一个股东会特卖会,时间从下午6点到下午10点,我本人也将出席,顺便吃点热狗配配可乐。
Borsheim’s --the largest jewelry store in the country except for Tiffany’s Manhattan store --will have two shareholder-only events. The first will be a cocktail reception from 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. on Friday, May 2. The second, the main gala, will be from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Sunday, May 4. Ask Charlie to autograph your sales ticket.
波仙珠宝-全美单店营业额仅次于纽约曼哈顿蒂芬妮的珠宝店,在股东会期间将会有两场专为股东举办的展览会,第一场是在5/2星期五的鸡尾酒会,时间从下午6点到晚上10点,第二场主秀则在5/4星期天举行,从早上9点到下午5点,记得请查理在你的收据上签名。
Shareholder prices will be available Thursday through Monday, so if you wish to avoid the large crowds that will assemble on Friday evening and Sunday, come at other times and identify yourself as a shareholder. On Saturday, we will be open until 6 p.m. Borsheim’s operates on a gross margin that is fully twenty percentage points below that of its major rivals, so the more you buy, the more you save (or at least that’s what my wife and daughter tell me).
从星期四到星期一的股东会期间,波仙都将提供股东特惠价,所以如果你希望避开星期五晚上到星期天的拥挤人潮,你可以在其它的时间上门光顾,记得表明股东的身分,星期六我们会营业到晚上6点,波仙的营业毛利要比其它主要竞争对手要低20个百分点以上,所以买得越多省得越多,(这是我的老婆跟女儿告诉我的)。
 In the mall outside of Borsheim’s, we will have some of the world’s top bridge experts available to play with our shareholders on Sunday afternoon. We expect Bob Hamman, Sharon Osberg, Fred Gitelman and Sheri Winestock to host tables. Patrick Wolff, twice U.S. chess champion, will also be in the mall, taking on all comers --blindfolded! Last year, Patrick played six games simultaneously --with his blindfold securely in place --and for the first time suffered a loss. (He won the other five games, however.) He’s been training overtime ever since and is planning to start a new streak this year.
星期天下午,我们照例会在波仙珠宝店外面大厅为股东们举办的一场桥牌大赛,邀请多位世界级桥牌顶尖高手与大家同乐,Bob Hamman、Sharon Osberg、Fred Gitelman及Sheri Winestock都将出席,另外Patrick Wolff-美国棋两度冠军,也会再度在会场蒙眼与所有挑战者对奕,去年他一口气同时与六位对手下棋,而且头一次落败,(不过他还是赢了其它五个对手),不过事后他已加紧练习,计画重新展开连胜的记录。
Additionally, Bill Robertie, one of only two players who have twice won the backgammon world championship, will be on hand to test your skill at that game. Finally, we will have a newcomer: Peter Morris, the winner of the World Scrabble Championship in 1991. Peter will play on five boards simultaneously (no blindfold for him, however) and will also allow his
challengers to consult a Scrabble dictionary.
此外,Bill Robertie-史上惟二赢得两度世界双陆旗冠军的人,也会莅临测试各位双陆旗的实力,最后今年将会有一位新面孔-Peter Morris,他是1991年世界拼字大赛的冠军,Peter这次将一口气挑战五位对手(当然他无法蒙眼),并允许其对手查阅字典。
 We are also going to test your vocal chords at the mall. My friend, Al Oehrle of Philadelphia, will be at the piano to play any song in any key. Susie and I will lead the singing. She is good.
此外在会场我们也将测试各位的歌喉,我的好朋友-来自费城的Al Oehrle将会在现场以钢琴做伴奏,任何歌任何Key都行,我内人苏珊跟我本人将会为大家开唱,她的歌声相当不错。
 Gorat’s --my favorite steakhouse --will again be open exclusively for Berkshire shareholders on Sunday, May 4, and will be serving from 4 p.m. until 10 p.m. Please remember that to come to Gorat’s on Sunday, you must have a reservation. To make one, call 402-551-3733 on April 1 (but not before). If Sunday is sold out, try Gorat’s on one of the other evenings you will be in town. Show your sophistication by ordering a rare T-bone with a double order of hash browns.
我个人最爱的牛排馆-Gorat's为了Berkshire股东年会破例在5/4日星期天开门营业,从下午4点开始营业,一直到晚上10点,请记得星期天事先若没有订位的人请勿前往以免向隅,要预约请在4/1以后打电话(402-551-3733),若订不到星期天的位子,也可以试试其它晚上,记得老练一点地点丁骨牛排加上双份的牛肉丸。
There won’t be a ball game this year. After my fastball was clocked at 5 mph last year, I decided to hang up my spikes. So I’ll see you on Saturday night at NFM instead.
很可惜今年将没有棒球赛可以看了,在我的快速球时速降到5英哩之后,我就决定要高挂钉鞋,所以星期六晚上大家在NFM见。

Next year our meeting will be held at Omaha’s new convention center. This switch in locations will allow us to hold the event on either Saturday or Monday, whichever the majority of you prefer. Using the enclosed special ballot, please vote for your preference – but only if you are likely to attend in the future.
明年我们的股东会将会移师到奥玛哈新落成的会议中心召开,这项变更将得以使我们自由选择在星期六或星期一举行,只要大多数的股东同意,利用会议通知后附的选票,请选择你个人的偏好,当然最好是你未来有可能参加再投。
We will make the Saturday/Monday decision based upon a count of shareholders, not shares. That is, a Class B shareholder owning one share will have a vote equal to that of a Class A shareholder owning many shares. If the vote is close, we will go with the preference of out-of-towners.
我们将按股东投票的人头数而非股数来决定在星期六或星期一开会,也就是说持有一股B股的股东其投票权将与持有大量A股的股东一样,如果投票数过于接近,我们将以外县市来的股东意愿为优先考量。
Again, please vote only if there is a reasonable chance that you will be attending some meetings in the future.

再一次提醒大家,只有在将来有可能出席股东大会时,才建议你参与投票。
Warren E. Buffett

February 21, 2003 Chairman of the Board

华伦.巴菲特

董事会主席

2003年2月21日

用「细节」瓦解「毁灭之环」
─ 美国企业整顿杀手-契尔兹让吉列演出「大复活」

契尔兹拯救了许多企业,吉列是他最新的成功案例。他凭借的不过是老派作风:重视细节和纪律,让吉列一步步挣脱「毁灭之环」。

吉列(Gillette)是个历史悠久又温暖的大家庭,但,在二○○一年二月,由公司的大家长请来一个企业整顿杀手,吉列从此天翻地覆。

对契尔兹(Jim Kilts)来说,吉列则是个烫手山芋。拥有Mach 3刮胡刀、金顶电池和欧乐B牙刷等知名品牌的吉列曾经盛极一时,却连续十四季都没有达成营运目标,而且营业额和获利长达五年没有出现成长,公司旗下的产品有三分之二市占率走下坡。在资本市场,吉列称得上是人见人嫌,在一九九七年到二○○○年之间,股价跌掉三成(勿忘当时乃是美股的高峰)。根据所罗门美邦分析师尼科森(Wendy Nicholson)的说法:「管理阶层任由公司一败涂地。」

这样的大灾难却是为契尔兹量身打造的发挥空间。说到大逆转,鲜少经理人比他经验丰富,也少有人像他那样连战皆捷。现年不过五十四,参与重整战役却已经十余次。从一九七○年代担任产品开发经理,他协助改造当时奄奄一息的Kool-Aid。八○年代和九○年代,他在卡夫食品大展拳脚,最终坐上CEO(执行长)宝座,知名功绩包括让Post玉米脆片和卡夫乳酪两个部门起死回生。接着,他转战挣扎求生的纳贝斯克,把奥利奥(Oreo)和奇宝(Chips Ahoy)恢复昔日盛况。

投资大师背书
巴菲特认为他是不二人选

当吉列急于找寻一个能够扭转乾坤的人,契尔兹很自然地浮上台面。以柏克夏海瑟威(Berkshire Hathaway)公司控有吉列九%股份的投资大师巴菲特,回忆当时的情形:「这是个很自然的行动。」巴菲特不过和契尔兹见过一次面,就认定他是不二人选。

巴菲特在二○○二年十月宣布,他将在二○○三年初不再担任吉列董事会的董事。这件事情引爆了一波接一波的耳语。市场谣传,巴菲特是因为不满契尔兹的重整表现而离去。《财星》拿这个问题询问巴菲特,得到的答案是:「恰巧相反。」事实上,巴菲特虽然不再担任吉列的董事,但是却无意出售持股:「是因为我对这项投资很满意,所以我可以离开。过去我觉得走不开,因为我觉得董事会需要我。现在契尔兹在。如果你找到合适的经营者,就不需要我了。」

有投资大师这席话,显然是替契尔兹的成绩单做了背书。瞧!二○○三年预估营业额会成长五%,达到八十四亿美元(约合新台币两千九百亿元)。上一季每股获利成长一五%,达到三十三美分,一整年的每股获利则可望成长一五%,达到一.一四美元。尼科森相信,吉列的逆转已经出现了,她因此在去年十一月调升了对这家公司的评等。

老派作风
没什么魅力,但是有效

契尔兹以他三十年的经验,发展出他自己一套拯救企业困境的公式。他自己承认,这套方法不是火箭科学那样精准,却也是实事求是、一步一脚印。他接受《财星》独家专访时透露,他晚上辗转难眠,并不是在为吉列擘画伟大的愿景,而是苦思电池到底是六个装一包还是八个装一包比较好卖。他对员工演讲时,并不是谈吉列可以怎样改变世界,而是用幻灯片说明,吉列和其它竞争对手的开销比较。这样一点儿都没有魅力可言,也无法令人兴奋,就和契尔兹平整的白发、烫得笔挺的深色西装、没什么抑扬顿挫的声音一样,这根本就是老派作风。不过,这套办法有效。

契尔兹第一天到吉列,就展现了他的做事原则。他和所有的部门主管会议,问大家说:「你们有多少人认为我们成本太高?」人人立刻举手。接着又问:「你们有谁认为自己的部门成本太高?」没人举手。根据契尔兹的说法,这是出问题的企业主管惯有的反应:大家都知道有问题,但是没人认为这是他的问题。

在契尔兹正式接手吉列六周前,他彻底调查了吉列公司和它所面临的困境。他检视了过去几年的财报、华尔街的研究分析、产业报导。他还亲自上路,和吉列的业务人员一起出动,拜访商家、检查仓库和制造工厂。他研究吉列的广告,仔细阅读消费者回馈报告。

挣脱「毁灭之环」
业务、财务管理一一抓漏

在这当中,有回他拜访吉列某大零售顾客,一个买家毫无修饰地告诉他,他总是等到一季的最后一周才会向吉列下单,因为他知道「你们总是会给优惠」。契尔兹因此发现,吉列的业务人员严重仰赖一种饮鸩止渴的交易方式。为了达成每季的营业额目标,他们可以任买家予取予求,重新包装、打折都照单全收。根据契尔兹的看法,这家公司陷入了「毁灭之环」了。契尔兹在许多场合都使用这个词汇,包括演讲、幻灯片讲述、董事会、商研所课堂上,他甚至印刷了一本小册子,名字叫做《挣脱毁灭之环》。契尔兹认为,吉列由于试图达成日益与现实脱节的营业成长目标而陷入困境。

就许多方面来说,吉列似乎是受到了「赢家的诅咒」。吉列刮胡刀片据说是全世界获利最高的消费性产品,没有人比吉列更会卖刮胡刀片了:全世界有七千八百万个男人使用Mach 3的刮胡刀,大约七一%美国女性使用吉列的Venus除毛,而且这些刮胡刀的毛利率惊人,几乎达到四○%。

然而,吉列的成功却使得他们有财力粉饰太平。比方说,吉列在一九九六年底买入金顶电池,耗费八十亿美元。和劲量电池及Rayovac打价格战,行销策略又失利,金顶电视在一九九九年到二○○一年间连续二十一个月市场占有率下降。

更糟的是吉列还让支出失控,多年来,付给业者的支票总是同业中最快的,收钱的时候却是最慢的。在九○年代末期时,吉列的工作资本占营业额的比重(衡量企业管理资产及负债表现的统计数字)攀升到三六%,相对来说,宝碱同期仅只有一%,高露洁也不过是二.五%。大多数企业视为理所当然的财务运作及纪律在吉列却是根本不存在,吉列甚至根本不做每日营业额的追踪,只在每季最后加总数字。

治军严谨
评分不佳的主管马上走人

契尔兹带到吉列的便是他一贯的严谨。头六个月,他执行了他在其它公司奉行的评分系统,分数表现不佳的主管马上走人。禁止业务部门再做让价,同时整顿了公司财务数字报告系统。如今,契尔兹和他的主管每天早上便会得到报告,钜细靡遗说明前一天吉列卖了多少刮胡刀、电池和牙刷。

不止于此,契尔兹还改革了吉列的供应链。在他之前,吉列的每个部门自行采购所需的塑料、钢铁和铝等原料。直到契尔兹要求,公司上下还真没有人知道吉列的全球采购费用是多少(约莫是四十亿美元)。部门间缺乏协调,结果是吉列无法以大量采购的方式压低价格。新的CEO要求之下,各部门的采购整合之后,节省了两亿美元。

吉列另一个重大改变是对华尔街的态度。契尔兹上任之后,立即对华尔街表明,吉列两位数字成长的时代已经过去,顶多是三%到五%,不多不少。他的主张是吉列得设定务实的目标,才能做聪明的决策。自从放弃不切实际的获利目标之后,也拋弃任买家压价换取成长数字,吉列于是有余裕从事其它更迫切需要的行销动作,比方说耗费五千万美元为金顶电池做广告,这只是为这项产品重新赢得市占率的动作之一。

诚然,契尔兹所要求的纪律并非人人欢迎,老吉列人尤其难以适应。契尔兹在整个公司贯彻评分系统,引起了不小的反弹。而契尔兹对不喜欢他行事风格的人只有一套简单的办法:请人走路。原本十四位直接向他报告的高阶主管,只剩下四个是老面孔。「浩劫后的幸存者」表示,尽管契尔兹的改革非常剧烈,但是却是吉列迫切需要的。

改革奏功
季营业额平均成长五%

迪葛兰(Ed DeGraan)是吉列三十四年的老臣、在契尔兹加入前代理CEO,他就说:「如果在九○年代初期情况很好的时候,丢一大批新人进入吉列,冲突恐怕会很大。」但是在公司表现恶化之后,情况就容易得多了。尤其是在契尔兹的改革很快出现成效的情况下,接受程度就更高了。过去三季,吉列的季营业额平均成长五%。

但是华尔街仍在观望,他们关注的是吉列的大逆转能够全面成功吗?这种疑虑使得股价仍在契尔兹接手的区间。契尔兹倒不烦恼股价这回事。他知道自己仍在操兵阶段,还在做基本的调整,不过,就快要完成打底的部分了:「接下来,带这支军队上战场的时候就到了。」

2002/10/27巴菲特退出吉列董事会

全世界最大的刮胡刀厂商吉列表示,巴菲特由于本身执掌Berkshire公司的事务日益繁忙,在担任该公司长达14年的董事之后,决定退出吉列的董事会,不过巴菲特并没有计画要出售其持有的吉列公司股份

Berkshire持有9,600万股吉列股票,约该公司9%的股份,是这家总部设于波士顿的跨国公司第二大股东,不过自从1998年以来,Berkshire先后陆续买下了22家公司,购并案的进行耗费了巴菲特大部分的时间,使得他毅然决定辞去在吉列的董事席位,巴菲特告诉彭博社的记者,在完成那么多的购并之后,我终于找到了一份全职的工作。吉列公司的股价今年已下跌了14%,可说是巴菲特270亿美元股票投资组合中的后段班,总计该公司过去四年以来已损失了一半以上的市值

吉列的持股一度占Berkshire净值20%以上,不过截至目前为止这个比例已锐减为5%不到

吉列自现有总裁James Kilts接手的20个月以来,已经裁减了3,700名员工、关闭六家工厂并大幅降低负债比例,巴菲特表示他希望将多一点的时间投入到Berkshire公司本身的事务之上,同时他有信心吉列的问题,包含积糜不振的销售额,一定可以获得解决,巴菲特说离开吉列董事会是一件相当困难的抉择,我对于吉列的未来仍然相当有信心,在James Kilts的领导下,该公司积极地扭转原来的劣势,并逐渐恢复在民生消费用品的领导地位

根据证管会的文件,吉列在去年总计招开过八次的董事会,巴菲特出席了其中75%以上的董事会。


Gillette Says Warren Buffett Will Resign From Board

By Dan Lonkevich

Boston, Oct. 25 (Bloomberg) -- Billionaire investor Warren Buffett will resign as a director of Gillette Co., the world's largest maker of razors, after 14 years because of increasing demands on his time as head of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. He said Berkshire intends to retain its holdings in Gillette stock.

Berkshire owns about 96 million shares, or 9 percent of Gillette, making it the second-largest shareholder of the Boston- based company, according to a Securities and Exchange Commission filing in June. Since 1998, Buffett's holding company has bought 22 companies, purchases that have taken up more of Buffett's time and led to his decision to leave the board, Gillette said.

Under Chief Executive James Kilts, who took over 20 months ago, Gillette has cut 3,700 jobs, closed six plants and reduced debt. Buffett said he wants to devote attention to Berkshire and is confident that Gillette's problems, which include sluggish sales, are behind the company.

``With all of these acquisitions, I finally have a full-time job,'' Buffett told Bloomberg News. In a statement released by Gillette, he said: ``Leaving the Gillette Board is difficult. However, I feel very good about the company's future. Under the leadership of Jim Kilts, the company has moved aggressively to turn around its performance and restore Gillette's leadership of the consumer products sector.''

Buffett's decision comes as the recent flurry of corporate accounting scandals and bankruptcies has led many directors to leave their board posts. Buffett, 72, will remain on the boards of Washington Post Co. and Coca-Cola Co.

Laggards

Gillette shares, which have declined 14 percent this year, rose 65 cents to $28.77 in New York Stock Exchange composite trading. Gillette shares have been one of the laggards in Berkshire's portfolio, losing more than half their value in the past four years, falling from a high of $63.56 in March 1999. Berkshire's stake is now worth about $2.7 billion.

Berkshire's Gillette holdings once accounted for as much as 20 percent of Berkshire's net worth, and now accounts for as little as 5 percent, according to Robert Miles, author of ``The Warren Buffett CEO.'' Berkshire has acquired underwear maker Fruit of the Loom Inc. and children's clothing maker Garan Inc. and at least a dozen other companies in the last four years.

Buffett's decision is a sign that he is pleased with Gillette's progress in repairing its problems and recognizes the need to focus on Berkshire Hathaway, experts said.

Buying Spree

``The value of investment to wholly owned companies at Berkshire has skyrocketed in the past five years,'' said Lawrence Cunningham, law professor at Boston College and author of ``How to Think Like Benjamin Graham and Invest Like Warren Buffett.'' ``They've been on an enormous acquisition spree. That takes a lot of time and demands his availability.''

Buffett will resign at Gillette's annual meeting in May. He serves as chairman of the executive committee and on the nominating and corporate governance committee, Gillette spokesman Eric Kraus said.

Another long-time investor left Gillette's board in April. Henry Kravis stepped down after six years as his firm, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co., sold the last shares of its stake in the company in 2001. KKR's shares dated back to a 1988 investment in battery-maker Duracell International Inc., acquired by Gillette in 1996.

Buffett hasn't shied away from voicing his opinions at Gillette. In 1996, he sought to slash a $30 million fee promised to KKR in connection with Gillette's acquisition of Duracell. And according to a report in Chain Drug Review, Buffett sought the resignation of Michael Hawley as Gillette's chief executive officer in 2000.

Doldrums

Gillette, which manufactures Sensor and Mach3 razors, has been in the doldrums since the late 1990s, when the company overloaded on inventory and experienced weak sales growth.

The company has had several different CEOs during that time. When Alfred Zeien retired as chairman and CEO in 1999, the company replaced him with Michael Hawley. Hawley lasted 18 months and was replaced by Kilts.

Gillette's board met eight times in 2001, with Buffett and other board members attending at least 75 percent of the meetings, the company said in an SEC filing.

Some Berkshire investors said it was reasonable for Buffett to leave the company's board. ``He's a busy guy who's been in the vanguard against management diluting its ability to run a corporation,'' said Frank Betz, a former money manager at Carret & Co., who owns shares of Berkshire.

Behind the scenes at companies in which Buffett owns a stake, ``nobody does anything without running it by Warren first,'' said Betz.

As a board member, Buffett was paid $51,600 last year and received $75,000 this year, according to SEC documents. That's just shy of the $100,000 Buffett made as chairman and chief executive of Berkshire.

``Buffett gets paid more to serve on boards than he does running Berkshire,'' said Miles.

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Gillette Names Buffett to Governance Committee (Update1)
By Miles Weiss

2002/04/03吉列提名巴菲特出任公司治理委员会

Washington, April 2 (Bloomberg) -- Gillette Co. named billionaireWarren Buffett to a new board committee that will evaluate the performance of the consumer product company's chief executive.

华盛顿四月二日吉列公司提名巴菲特出任委员会,这个委员将会用来专门评估这家消费用品公司CEO的表现。

The new committee, formed last October, will also evaluate the board's effectiveness and may recommend changes in the way Gillette is run, according to a proxy statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

根据一份向美国证管会申报的公司文件中指出,于去年十月才刚成立的这个委员会将会评估董事会的效能并对吉列的经营模式提出改善建议。

Buffett, who holds a 9.1 percent stake in Gillette through his Berkshire Hathaway Inc., has been on the company's board since 1989. The new committee assignment gives him more influence over compensation paid to Gillette's CEO, James Kilts.

透过Berkshire持有吉列9.1%的巴菲特,自从1989年开始便是该公司的董事会成员之一,新的委员会将赋予他对于给付给现任CEO-James Kilts的薪资报酬有更多的影响力。

``In the past, Warren has not been offered the opportunity to pipe in'' on executive compensation, said Robert Hagstrom, manager of the Legg Mason Focus Trust and author of the Warren Buffett Way. ``He wants compensation based on rationale methods and achievable type goals and not just pay for someone showing up.''

在过去巴菲特并没有机会插手介入有关公司CEO的薪资报酬,永恒的价值-巴菲特传的作者,同时也是基金经理人的Robert Hagstrom表示,巴菲特希望薪资报酬应该要基于合理的方式并考虑可以达到的目标,而不只是因为占了位置就坐领高薪。

Wilbur Gantz, the former CEO of PathoGenesis Corp., is chairman of the new Gillette committee. Other Gillette directors on the committee include Dennis Hightower, former CEO of Europe Online Networks SA, and Richard Pivirotto, president of his own management-consulting firm.

Wibur Gantz前任Patho生化公司的总裁是这个委员会的主席,其它列名的董事成员还包括,Dennis Hightower-欧洲线上系统总裁与Richard Pivirotto一家管理顾问公司的负责人。

Gillette said the new committee would submit an annual evaluation on the CEO's performance to the full board, while a separate compensation committee, which doesn't include Buffett, will submit recommendations on the CEO's pay. The full board will consider both reports in determining the compensation to be awarded the CEO, the proxy statement said.

吉列在文件中表示这个委员会每年将会固定向全体董事会提出该公司CEO当年度表现的评估报告,然后再由一个不包含巴菲特的另一个委员会提出对CEO薪资报酬的建议案,全体董事会将会同时考量两份报告来决定应该给CEO多少的报酬。

Wanted Fee Slashed

提案大砍费用

Buffett hasn't shied away from voicing his opinions at Gillette. In 1996, the billionaire sought to slash a $30 million fee promised to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. in connection with Gillette's acquisition of Duracell International Inc. And according to a report in Chain Drug Review, Buffett sought the resignation of Michael Hawley as Gillette's CEO in late 2000.

巴菲特从来不会吝惜对吉列提出他个人的看法,1996年巴菲特曾要求吉列删除要付给KKR有关金鼎电池购并案的3,000万美元承诺费,而根据一份杂志的报导,就是巴菲特在2000年底将前任总裁Michael Hawley拉下马的。

Gillette, which manufactures Sensor and Mach3 razors, has been in the doldrums since the late 1990s, when the company overloaded on inventory and experienced weak sales growth. Company shares now trade at $33.65 each, about half their peak value in 1999.

专门生产感应式三刀头刮胡刀的吉列,自从1990年年代开始表现就起起伏伏,一方面受制于沉重的存货压力同时业绩也不理想,公司现在的股价约在33美元左右,只有1999年高点的一半不到。

Gillette has had several different CEOs during this time. When Alfred Zeien retired as chairman and CEO in 1999, the company replaced him with Michael Hawley. Hawley lasted just 18 months and was eventually replaced by Kilts.

这几年吉列也换了好几任总裁,在Alfred Zeizn于1999年退休后接手的Michael Hawley只干了18个月后,就被换成现在的Kilts。

Nominating Committee

提名委员会

``Often times companies that are very successful'' such as Gillette ``can take their collective eye off the ball,'' said Douglas Eby, portfolio manager at Robert Torray & Co., which owned 2.59 million Gillette shares at the end of last year. ``That is a reasonable characterization of what happened at Gillette.''

「当一家公司太成功之后,大家的注意力就会分散掉」一位持有吉列259万股的基金经理人表示,这就是吉列现在所发生的典型现象。

Institutional Shareholder Services, an organization that advises investors such as pension funds on corporate issues, last year recommended that clients withhold votes for the re-election of Kilts as CEO. ISS issued this recommendation because Kilts' served on Gillette's nominating committee, a panel that the shareholder group prefers have only independent directors, according to Patrick McGurn, director of corporate programs at ISS.

股东服务公司,专门提供退休金有关公司议题咨询的机构,去年曾建议其客户保留对于继续选任Kilts为总裁的投票案,该机构认为Kilts不应该自己担任提名委员会的一员,通常股东投资大众希望这个委员会最好都能够由独立董事来担任。

Gillette didn't place Kilts on the new committee; all four members of the panel are independent of Gillette. They will recommend nominees for election as board members as well as evaluate corporate governance and the CEO.

吉列因此从善如流,Kilts并不在新的提名委员会名单之上,该委员会所有四个成员都独立于吉列之外,他们将提出CEO候选人的建议名单同时评估企业治理与CEO的表现。

Independent Directors

独立董事

The board and the company wanted to beef up the recognition of corporate governance as a key issue,'' said Eric Kraus, a Gillette spokesman. ``In general, large institutional investors are in favor of selection of board members by independent directors.''

吉列发言人Eric Kraus表示,董事会与公司希望能够将公司治理当作是一个重要的议题,一般来说大型的机构投资法人都希望董事会成员是由独立董事来遴选的。

Naming Buffett to the new committee may not bring about a lot of change at Gillette, according to McGurn. Corporate governance experts have criticized other companies where he serves as a director, such as Coca-Cola Co. Even Berkshire lacked an independent nominating committee as of last year, McGurn said.

一位公司治理专家表示,提名巴菲特担任新委员会的委员可能不会对吉列带来太大的立即改变,就像其它巴菲特担任董事的公司,如可口可乐也曾遭到批评,事实上连巴菲特本身带领的Berkshire也缺乏一个独立的提名委员会。

``Some of the companies where he serves on boards don't have the best governance in the world,'' McGurn said.

一些由他担任董事的公司,不见得就是治理的最好的公司。

----------------------------------------------

2001/12/21 巴菲特vs吉列刮胡刀

有关吉列其实在巴菲特的年报中的描述并不多,
巴菲特曾说︰「可口可乐与吉列刮胡刀是世界上最好的两家公司。」
巴菲特同时担任这两家公司的董事,相较于麦当劳最大的差别在于其不可取代性Inevitable,也就是说人们可以一天不吃汉堡,却不能一天不刮胡子或不喝可乐,当然由于麦当劳把重点过度摆在不动产投资之上,也是巴菲特最后缩手的主因之一
巴菲特于1989年开始投资吉列,金额为六亿美金,目前的市价为28亿,约占该公司3.4%的股份
他还说︰「每天晚上睡觉前,只要想到隔天早上全世界有一半的人要用到刮胡刀,而这其中又有一半以上的人是使用吉列的产品,他就能睡的特别好。」
巴菲特说︰「喜斯糖果会让吉列公司旗下的欧乐B牙刷销路更好。」
倒是远流有出版一本吉列传奇,书中特别有一专章提到巴菲特当初投资并加入该公司董事会的一段精彩回顾!


第十章 华伦?巴菲特的加入

  巴菲特于事后表示:「我曾和很多人相处过,但没有一个比科曼?马可勒更好相处的。他在数字、分析方面的观念令人佩服。」按照协议的内容,巴菲特被推选为吉列的董事。

  庭外和解让吉列得以摆脱科尼斯坦的纠缠,却也使得这家公司陷入前所未有的窘境。为了筹措1560万股的回购资金,吉列只好大量举债。1988年年末,吉列的股东权益为负8500万,相较于前年正5亿9900万的股东权益,真可说是天壤之别。简单的说,吉列高度倚赖财务杠杆的运作,背负着一大笔的债务。科曼?马可勒向股东保证,吉列可以应付这样的债务重担,因为吉列有创造现金的优异能力,还有尚未动用的贷款额度做为支撑。他也提到,穆迪(Moody’s,编注:美国三大统计服务公司之一,发行Moody’sBond Record,将公司债及地方债予以评等,以供投资人参考)和史坦普等金融评鉴机构都没有改变吉列的投资等级。

  再者,即使在露华浓和科尼斯坦强力叩关的动荡不安期间,吉列的业务表现依旧蒸蒸日上,印证了公司向心存怀疑的股东所做的保证,也就是吉列若能以独立自主公司的身份继续运作的话,前途将会一片光明。当律师和争夺代理权的经理人在1988年吸引住众人目光的同时,吉列的营运主管缔造了13%的总销售获利,金额高达36亿;拜积极成长的海外获利所赐,公司的营余大幅成长。

  马可勒向股东报告,优异的成绩来自广泛的地理区域和产品线互相结合的获利,同时也反映出吉列于1986年到1987年改组促使成本降低所获致的成果。湿刮胡系统以外的产品线也都有很好的销售成绩,百灵的干刮胡系列产品和小家电在欧洲以外,尤其是日本,缔造了可观的获利。在海外市场方面,特别是拉丁美洲,都有高利润的成长。美国市场的「阿特拉溜溜刀」,其海外市场的双胞胎兄弟「广角溜溜刀」(Contour Plus),以及其它的溜溜系列刮胡产品,都交出漂亮的成绩单。吉列双刃刀片的全球销售量持续缓慢地衰减,但这也算是好消息,因为这是吉列不断鼓吹双刃刀片的使用者升级到双层刮胡刀的成果。即使销售量不若以往,吉列在金恩?吉列所发明的双刃刀片上,还是稳坐全球第一的宝座。

  然而,资产负债表显现的债务沉重状况却教人心痛。

  吉列有史以来头一遭得要面对负的股东权益,让公司在资金的运用和控制上,面临严格的挑战。

  时机非常不恰当,因为吉列必须在1989年春天落实承诺,「在一年内,推出创新的刮胡产品,其优异性能将大幅提高消费者的满意程度」。在1988年的年度报告中,这段话说的当然是马可勒在一年前的致股东书中,语带保留地提到的革命性新产品,他在信中吁请股东在吉列和科尼斯坦的代理权争夺战中支持吉列。吉列所面对的是新产品即将上市的最后紧要关头,此时公司需要大笔的经费,资金的需求越来越迫切。

  「对非常在意负债的我而言,财务调度虽然还算过得去,但心理上的调适可就没那么简单了。」这就是全美最聪明的投资人之一马可勒,在奥马哈(Omaha)家中阅读吉列的年度报告时获致的感想。

请容我毛遂自荐

  对于他在马可勒和著名的投资人华伦?巴菲特(Warren E. Buffett)之间扮演的中介者角色,吉列的董事乔瑟夫?西斯科记忆犹新。西斯科是中东和南亚事务的专家,在福特总统(Gerald Ford)任内曾出任国务院的政务助理国务卿,为一名顶尖的职业外交家,1970年时还成功地促成以埃双方的停火协议。随后任职于华盛顿特区的美国大学(American University),先后曾担任校长和董事长的职务。退休后,自己创办一家管理顾问公司--西斯科公司(Sisco Associates)。由于他从1979年起就担任吉列的董事,同时也是巴菲特所管理的一家意外险公司盖可公司(GEICO Corp.)的董事,所以和马可勒、巴菲特两人都很熟。

  1989年春天的某个晚上,西斯科家中的电话响起,那是巴菲特从奥马哈打来的。巴菲特坐在他心爱的阅读椅中,仔细研读一本本的公司年报,解读这些财务报表里所透露出的各家公司营运状况之各种讯息,那种专注就像有些男人拿着报纸的体育版一头钻进棒球比赛的得分和失误统计表没有两样。吉列1988年的年度报告吸引他的目光。事后巴菲特说明他为何挑上吉列,将它列入他公开上市的控股公司波克夏哈萨威(Berkshire Hathaway Inc.)所投资的绩优股当中,他说:「由于他们在回购股票时,已经把所有的资金都用光了,所以我想他们或许会对大笔资金的挹注感到兴趣。」

  巴菲特说他和吉列的人都不熟,但他马上想到吉列看似为一家作风保守的公司,经理人应该不太习惯财务状况如此捉紧吧!接着他看到乔瑟夫?西斯科的名字就在董事的行列中。他记得当时他是这么想的:「好吧!我就打电话给乔瑟夫,然后就像我的好友凯瑟琳?葛拉汉(Katharine Graham,《华盛顿邮报》Washin-qton Post前总裁)偶尔对宾客说的:『请容我毛遂自荐』。」没多久他就打电话给西斯科,要他询问马可勒的意见,看吉列欢不欢迎他的投资。「我告诉乔瑟夫说,如果他们有兴趣,那当然很好。如果他们没兴趣,那也没关系。」西斯科非常赞同巴菲特的提议,并向他保证马可勒和他一定可以相处愉快。

  西斯科表示:「我立刻和马可勒联系,我可以明显地感受到他对华伦的提议颇具好感。」他又打电话到奥马哈,将马可勒的反应告知巴菲特,并加上「我认为你们两个应该见见面」。之后,西斯科就功成身退,在一旁静观其变。

  巴菲特说,第二天他和马可勒初次联系之后,并没有「好,我们就这么说定」之类的反应,但他「觉得事情大有可为」。马可勒将巴菲特有意投资一事告知冉恩、穆勒尼、史凯利和其它几个人,他们一致同意,若有巴菲特这种友善的投资人注入大笔的资金,对公司将有很大的帮助,唯一的条件是:此举必须给所有的股东一个公平、合理的交代。他们同意公司不需要白马骑士交易,因为公司还没落到需要拯救的地步。马可勒开始从事这项工作,但一如他的作风,每步都是小心翼翼、步步为营。

几天后,马可勒和巴菲特在奥马哈首次会面,当时马可勒、史凯利和慕勒尼刚结束墨西哥的商务旅行,正要返回波士顿。巴菲特还记得他们租的飞机停在距离主要航站一段路的地方,他和步下飞机的史凯利和慕勒尼握完手之后,就开着他的老爷车,载着马可勒到奥马哈媒体俱乐部(Omaha Press Club),这是一个午餐、商谈的热门去处。巴菲特形容这是一个「品头论足」的会面,他记得当两人坐下来享用各自喜欢的简餐汉堡和可口可乐时,媒体俱乐部几乎空无一人。巴菲特说:「我们点了一种颇具异国风味的甜点,冰淇淋上面放了一根糖果棒,然后淋上很多巧克力酱。我们这对中西部的男孩,彼此一见如故。我很喜欢他,那种感觉很好,就像和心仪的女孩见面一般,不到五分钟就熟识起来了。而且我看得出,他非常能干。」

  巴菲特对马可勒说,如果吉列有兴趣,他很想投资这家公司。他提议要购买优先股,巴菲特解释或许是因他刚和美国航空(USAir)与冠军国际公司(Champion International)完成类似的交易,对优先股交易还在兴头上。「我知道我告诉他『只要他觉得可行,他可以在3亿到7亿5000万之间任选一个金额』。」接着巴菲特就开车送马可勒回航站与慕勒尼、史凯利会合,抵达时他发现他们两人有些不悦,因为他们找了老半天想找一家象样的牛排馆用餐,结果一无所获,最后只能将就用汉堡果腹,偏偏两人喜欢汉堡的程度又不如他们的老板和东道主。

  回到波士顿后,慕勒尼打电话给吉列的律师斯柏丁,通知他开始进行优先股交易的相关安排。

好事多磨,主帅磋和

  6月15日董事会议的会议纪录这么写着:「马可勒先生提出,有位他个人相当推崇、非常顶尖的长期投资人,可能会加入投资吉列的行列。」马可勒向董事报告,公司可能会进行一笔可转换的优先股交易(convertible preferred deal),但他强调他尚未和该投资人谈论任何条件。他列举该笔投资对公司的好处,例如使资产负债表由负转正,活络公司的资金以进行投资。他含混地提到过去的收购战役。他说,这项投资「可以支持吉列专心执行其策略规划,摆脱像前几年的困扰和一心二用等没有必要的顾虑」。董事会同意授权马可勒进行这项工作,就可转换的优先股交易进行磋商,但最后的同意权仍在董事会手上。

  马可勒要求吉列的最高财务长汤马斯?史凯利和财务经理洛伊?史温通知摩根银行暨担保银行,这家银行现已取代摩根史坦利成为吉列的主要投资银行,但他要求不要泄漏该名投资人的身份。此举引来投资银行的严重关切,他们担心吉列一心为了使资产负债表由负转正,因此可能接受严苛的交易条件。摩根的人员建议,没有太多附带条件的交易或许可行,但吉列的姿态不需放得太低。几天后,神秘投资人的身份曝光,这时摩根方面才全力支持吉列进行这项磋商。

  一大堆的工作等着双方完成。住在加州的查尔斯?蒙格(Charles T. Charlie" Munger),巴菲特的亲信,也是波克夏哈萨威的合伙人,积极与双方的律师及银行人员斡旋,其中当然包括吉列方面从不缺席的乔瑟夫?福罗。根据吉列谈判人员的说法,有鉴于吉列的坚强实力,他们认为巴菲特的律师所提的条件相当不合理。双方就股利的比率和转换的条件讨价还价,但始终未能达成共识。巴菲特最初的提议是9%的股利,搭配以每股45美元的价格转换成普通股,或是9.5%的股利搭配50美元的转换价格,另外吉列在八年之内不得「催索」(call)交易的进行--亦即将优先股转换成普通股。吉列拒绝这样的条件,提出8.5%的股利搭配52美元的转换价格,同时在特殊的情况下,吉列可以于两年内「催索」巴菲特完成交易。

  双方就这样你来我往地僵持好几个星期,到7月1日,这笔交易似乎陷入胶着,但巴菲特回忆说:「我一直觉得这笔交易有很大的希望,因为科曼和我都希望促成这笔交易。我担心那些律师和银行人员把它给搞砸,但始终认为我们可以达成交易。」

  吉列这边也怀抱着希望,但参与磋商的人士则感到担忧。他们不能理解,在公司价值的衡量上,为什么巴菲特那方的人员和他们会有这么大的差异,这点似乎是双方达成协议的绊脚石。中间一定有差错。

  为了避免双方因鉴价方式不同所产生的误解而导致谈判破裂,马可勒决定亲自和巴菲特面对面地谈一谈。7月4日,慕勒尼从他位于麻州威斯波特(Westport)的度假小屋开车到鳕鱼岬海安内斯(Hyannis)的小机场。马可勒则从鳕鱼岬查坦(Chatham)的周末度假地点开车过来,两人会合后搭乘出租飞机前往奥马哈,亲自向巴菲特解释他们心目中对吉列股东公平、合理的做法,还有如何获致这样的结论。这次会面的气氛祥和。问题虽未当场解决,但双方同意重新评估自己的条件并继续努力磋商。当晚,慕勒尼和马可勒及时赶回他们的度假小屋,欣赏假日的烟火表演。

 

时间又过了一星期,谈判人员在7月12日达成初步协议,马可勒在当天股市收盘后打电话给巴菲特,告知他吉列提议的内容。不到一个小时,巴菲特回电表示赞同。双方说定的条件如下:由波克夏哈萨威旗下的保险公司以每股1,000美元的价格购买吉列的可转换优先股,股利为8.75%,总投资金额为6亿美元。两年后,每一个优先股都可以转换成二十个普通股,股价为50美元,比吉列当时的股价多出将近20%。1200万的普通股约相当于吉列所有具投票权股票(voting shares)的11%,因此巴菲特不可能成为公司最大的股东。吉列必须在十年的期限到期时赎回股票。协议中还有一条吉列坚持要加入的条款,也就是在最初的两年之内,普通股的价格如果超过转换价格的125%,或是62.5美元,而且连续超过二十个交易日以上的话,吉列有权以50美元的价格将股票赎回。在这种情况下,吉列可以催索这些优先股,省下6000万的花费以及必须付出的股利。

  在吉列7月20日的董事会议中,摩根的经理罗贝托?曼多萨(Roberto Mendoza)形容这笔交易对股东而言「公正又合理」,所有的董事一致通过这笔交易。吉列等到第二天股市收盘后才公布这个讯息,当天吉列股票的收盘价只比42美元高出一些。全国的媒体大肆宣传这笔交易,说这是一个反收购的措施,但吉列的发言人强调这笔交易「完全出自于财务及策略的考量」,并说这笔交易是巴菲特主动提起的。如有任何反收购的效果则纯属巧合。

  巴菲特于事后表示:「我曾和很多人相处过,但没有一个比科曼?马可勒更好相处的。他在数字、分析方面的观念实在令人佩服。」

  按照协议的内容,巴菲特被推选为吉列的董事。

千载难逢的双赢交易

  一些法人埋怨吉列给巴菲特的条件优于其它人,但随着股票的价格超过转换的价格,这样的抱怨也就跟着销声匿迹。事实证明这是一笔双赢的交易。富达麦哲伦基金(Fidelity’s Magellan Fund)的知名经理人,也是吉列的长期支持者彼得?林区(Peter Lynch)向《巴菲特》(Buffett)一书的作者罗杰?劳恩斯坦(Roger Lowenstein)表示:「和巴菲特所做的这笔交易对每个人都有好处。」吉列用大部份的所得偿付短期的债务,清除资产负债表上的负债。技术上,这笔交易在资产负债表上被归类为「夹层优先股」(mezzanine preferred),表示这笔钱既不是债务,也不是股东权益;然而,评鉴机构当它是股东权益,再加上公司的实力雄厚,因此史坦普和穆迪分别把吉列的信用评等提升为A-和Baa1。到交易完成的时候,吉列刀片和刮胡刀事业的现金流量早已经使股东权益由负转正,把负债权益比推向正的那一边。

  吉列的股票表现强劲,好到甚至可以免疫于1990年伊拉克入侵科威特对股市所造成的负面影响,同时也赶上提早赎回的两年期限,省下6000万的支出。这笔交易向各地的投资人宣示,如果有和巴菲特一样聪明的长期投资人要买吉列的股票时,那这家公司一定有相当好的前景。

  事后巴菲特表示他犯了一个错误。他说他应该用那6亿美元购买普通股,而不是坚持要买优先股以降低风险。他说,如果买普通股的话,他就能以一股40美元的价格买到1500万股,而不是优先股交易中单价50美元的1200万股,后者只保障了较高的股利和固定价格的转换选择权。不过这笔交易怎么算还是非常划算,1995年8月,一个炎热的夏日,巴菲特在奥马哈办公室附近漫步时笑着说出这句话。当时他心情愉快,因为那天早上他刚花23亿美元购买波克夏哈萨威尚未取得的盖可股票。他在脑袋里算了一算,对一位访客说,1989年他投资6亿美元在吉列,不到六年,这笔投资成长三倍多,变成将近22亿美元,恰好足以购买盖可股票。他说,再也找不到比吉列更好的投资标的了。

  不管采用哪一种计算方法,巴菲特绝对是美国最富有的人之一,而且常被推举为全美最精明的投资人,他最著名的做法如下:将一大笔钱投资在几家公司身上,选择的标准之一是对所选的公司了若指掌;此外,这些公司都要是业界无可替代的领导者。1996年,波克夏哈萨威最大宗的持股为美国运通(American Express Co.)、可口可乐、华特迪士尼公司(Walt DisneyCo.)、吉列,以及华盛顿邮报公司。

  此外,波克夏哈萨威也持有很多席尔斯公司、丁惠特发现公司(Dean Witter, Discover & Co. )、匹兹堡国民银行企业(PNC Bank Corp.)、维康集团(Viacom)和美林投顾的股票,只是股份没有前面几家那么多。巴菲特坦承,他一路走来也犯了不少错--例如:和吉列优先股交易同时的美国航空和冠军国际公司两笔交易就没有交出漂亮的成绩;此外,他打赌可以振兴所罗门兄弟公司,让波克夏哈萨威有利可图一事,最后也是草草收场。

在巴菲特众多的成功案例中,他将吉列和可口可乐列为「传奇性」的全球公司。他表示,这两家公司不但在美国是第一品牌,在海外很多国家的市场占有率更超越在本土市场的占有率。这个喝起樱桃可乐(CherryCoke)像小孩喝牛奶一样,视使用吉列刮胡刀刮胡子为每日一大乐事的亿万富翁说:「两家公司的产品都畅销全球,世界各地的人们视之为不可或缺的平价商品……我告诉你,对全世界很多的人而言,可口可乐是一种必需品,刮胡刀片那更是不必多说了。」

  巴菲特说,早期他的财富是在「雪茄屁股阶段」累积起来的,方法是购买几乎被所有投资人遗忘或忽略,但仍有充份的价值确保其增值空间的低价股票。他说,那已经是三十年前的往事,到他购买吉列股票的时候,他的投资目标已经转变为寻找经销网络健全的事业,支付合理的价格,然后长期持有。巴菲特说,他之所以购买吉列的股票一方面也是冲着管理阶层,「我是冲着马可勒买的。但阿佛瑞德(冉恩)给我的感觉也是好得不能再好,他对产品、行销和财务都一清二楚,要找到一个能将这些知识融会贯通的人并不容易。」

  在巴菲特加入吉列的董事会后,在吉列遍布全球的自助餐厅和自动贩卖机里面,可口可乐取代以往的百事可乐。知道巴菲特一天要喝好几罐的樱桃可乐之后,吉列采取一项大胆的措施:即使当地对樱桃可乐毫无需求,也要供应这项巴菲特的最爱。当吉列的董事准备前往德国科隆堡(Kronberg),也就是百灵位于法兰克福郊外的总部开会时,波士顿方面就接到一通紧急电话,要求送几箱樱桃可乐过去。

 活学巴菲特

股市时常英雄辈出;同时,股市又不断上演着“大腕的葬礼”。多少风流人物,昨日在市场上还气吞山河,转瞬便销声匿迹,浪迹天涯。但有一个例外,他就是沃伦·巴菲特。

最新的统计显示,巴菲特所控制的伯克夏·哈撒韦(BerkshireHathaway)公司目前累计的可投资现金,已从一年前的373亿美元增至425亿美元。由此,伯克夏公司的股价至今仍以每股6.5万美元左右高居纽约交易所榜首。今年已经72岁高龄的巴菲特先生,几十年如一日 的投资定力从何而来?

  2003年4月,香港股市还未从伊拉克战争的阴影中走出来,又遭到了SARS疫情的沉重一击,市场一片肃杀之气,鲜有接盘资金介入。也正是在这个时候,巴菲特出手了。

  4月以来,巴菲特通过伯克夏公司不断增持中国石油(HK,0857)股份。仅在4月17日至24日短短的几个交易日,该公司即斥资10亿港元,四度买入中国石油股份。截至4月24日,巴菲特的持股量已经骤升至13.35%,成为“中国石油”的第三大股东。

  为什么是中国石油?巴菲特到底嗅到了什么?于我们而言,巴菲特的理念有否生根发芽的土壤,巴菲特的套路又有否施展的空间?

  中国及亚洲公司的机会

  对亚洲的公司感兴趣

  伯克夏股东大会是巴菲特向投资者布道的最佳时机,年年如此。

  2003年5月3日召开完股东年会的第二天,巴菲特召集主要股东聚会,并在会上公开表示了对亚洲公司的兴趣。他说他一直在寻找在亚洲投资的机会。巴菲特表示,他已经购买了包括中国石油在内的一些亚洲公司的股票,他也一直在日本寻找一些便宜的投资机会,但还没有发现好的机会。他说,“我们一直在亚洲寻找值得投资的公司,我们对购买亚洲公司的股票持有非常开放的态度,如果可能的话,我们想买整个公司。”

  深圳新兰德的左旭云认为,对于总市值超过900亿美元的伯克夏公司来说,投资中石油的资金所占比重很小,可以说只是巴菲特在亚洲投资的一个尝试。2002年致股东一封信中,巴菲特就指出,在当前的美国市场缺乏投资机会;与此同时,中国经济显现的活力格外引人注目,这是巴菲特投资目光转向的一个背景。巴菲特拥有的伯克夏目前累计的可投资现金从一年前的373亿美元增至425亿美元,主要来自于旗下保险公司的保费收入。对巴菲特而言,花费四百分之一的闲置资金确实不算大。巴菲特目前所持有的中国石油H股,按成本计占其所有股票投资的1.3%,按市值计仅占0.5%。

  巴菲特拒绝告诉大家他购买中国石油的理由,他说自己从来不谈关于他个人投资的策略。但由于巴菲特多年来在股市非同寻常的战绩,他的投资行为使得中国石油吸引了更多投资者的关注,这从消息披露后中国石油连涨5天可见一斑。而市场也因此传来了很多揣测。

  根据香港联交所提供的资料,巴菲特的伯克夏·哈撒韦基金公司原先持有中石油7.2%的股份,然而,自4月9日以来,该基金公司不断提高其持有的中石油股份。4月9日当天,公司以每股1.66港元的均价购入8050万股中石油股票。随后,该公司又在4月11日和15日分别以每股1.657港元和1.66港元的价格买入了8540万股和3140万股中石油。4月23日和4月22日分别以每股1.67港元和1.668港元的价格买入了1.052亿股和1.621亿股中石油股票。其中对中石油股票最多的一次买入发生在4月24日。当天,该基金以每股1.61港元的平均价格购入了2.165亿股。伯克夏公司目前已持有中石油H股流通股的13%,占总股份的0.7%。

  为什么是中国石油

  中国石油于2000年在香港上市,同时在纽约交易所发行存托凭证。中石油的母公司中国石油集团这家原来中国最大的石油、天然气上游公司在经过1998年与中国石化集团的资产置换后,与中国石化一起成为国内最大的两家上下游一体化的石油集团公司。但是在重组的过程中,由于两家集团公司对原油的控制南北分治,拥有北方主要油田的中国石油仍然是最大的原油开采和提供者,中国石化每年所需的原油有15%须向中石油购买。

  由此,以国信证券石化行业研究员李杰求为代表的国内很多研究人士认为,巴菲特此番相中中石油股主要看重的是中国经济未来的成长性,经济的高速发展自然提高对能源的需求,尽管原油价格波动比较强烈,但放到10年的长期角度看,世界原油价格处于上升势头,而未来一段时间中国对原油的需求将会影响到全球。无论从中石油目前每股收益0.25元的盈利能力看,还是从未来的成长潜力看,该股票仅7倍市盈率的价格都具有较高投资价值。

  而更让“老谋深算”的巴菲特动心的是,中石油的派息能力更是超过了很多美国公司,4月24日,巴菲特最后一次、也是一次买入最多中石油股票的日子,恰是中石油除息日,每股派人民币0.069951元,加上中石油年中派息,去年全年派息197亿,每股0.12元。再加上不到7倍的市盈率,无论是和香港其他H股公司相比还是跟美国的能源公司相比,中石油都可以被看做具有投资价值的个股。银华基金管理公司副总经理、开放式基金银华优势企业基金经理石松鹰认为:巴菲特购买中石油仍然是其一贯投资风格和投资理念的延续,相比美国S&P 500指数20多倍的市盈率,中石油7倍的市盈率确实具有非常大的吸引力,另外中石油从各方面也符合巴氏的选股策略。

  另有一部分研究人士认为,像巴菲特这样的投资人,在进行投资时应该对目标公司做过非常详尽的调查,因此,不排除巴菲特事先了解到中石油公司内幕的可能性。当记者询问中石油方面巴菲特在买入中石油股票前是否与公司高层有过接触时,公司方面表示他们跟记者得知此消息的时间几乎一致。同时,公司方面认为,巴菲特看好中石油主要是看中公司历年来的赢利能力及高股息回报。巴菲特是以谨慎投资著称的投资家,他的投资决策必然经过深思熟虑和仔细考察。

  中石油下属分公司有关人士告诉记者,由于巴菲特的介入,中石油创出了一年多来的最高价,但此前中石油的股价无疑被严重低估。公司上市后三年多来,年营业额由上市前的1817亿元上升到2444亿元,股东权益由2097亿元跃升至3167亿元,净利润分别为546亿元、455亿元、469亿元;借鉴BP等国际著名石油公司经验进行了脱胎换骨般的管理再造,形成了以集中财务管理为中心、以股东回报最大化为目标的管理体系;股息收益率平均高达6%,而目前美国公司平均股息收益率仅为2%。他认为海外机构投资者的进一步介入,必将使中石油获得更多向海外拓展的契机。

  另据2003年3月3日出版的美国《财富》杂志公布,2002年度345家世界最受赞赏公司名单中,中国石油位列能源类公司第十位,比上年提高了两位。

  初识巴菲特

  中国人开始叫得上巴菲特这个名字,应该是1997年往后的事。但始于1996年的一波大牛市行情,却经常成为人们谈论巴菲特与中国股市关系的聊资,并认为是对那次上涨的重要解释。此后,《巴菲特如是说》等专门介绍巴菲特的翻译书籍资料在国内露面,国内不少证券分析师开始引用这位“奥马哈圣人”说明市场上涨原动力来自何方。巴菲特、伯克夏以及他们持有的一些知名公司,逐渐为大家所熟悉;而资料的丰富也使得一些职业投资人对巴菲特的投资思路、投资方法进行深入研究。

  多年来,巴菲特被全球基金经理人奉若神明,即使在网络股高涨的那两年,巴菲特也从来没有被任何一个理智的基金经理人所遗忘。在科技股泡沫被越吹越大的时候,没有被冲昏头脑的基金经理们都会搬出巴菲特来,并说,“看,巴老并不看好科技股,不是吗?我们也该因此而警惕才是。”

  今年已72岁的巴菲特从十几岁就开始投资股票,师从美国证券投资之父格雷厄姆,并将格雷厄姆的“价值投资理念”发挥到极致,形成了独树一帜的投资风格,身价从几千美元资本增长到今天的323亿美元,个人财产位居世界第二。然而,尽管全球投资基金经理都将其视为投资楷模,但迄今能学其投资之道者寥寥。

  如果你有幸能将资产交于巴菲特打理,那将受用无穷。有人曾经算过,如果你在1956年交于巴菲特1万美元时至今日,你可能赚回2.5亿美元,而且还是税后盈余。巴老拥有的控股公司伯克夏至今仍以每股6.5万美元左右高居纽约交易所榜首。而这一高的“离奇”的价格相对公司经营状况而言却非常贴切。正如巴老在2002年年报中致股东的一封信所言,“我们2002年的净收益为61亿美元,这使我们每股账面价值提高了10.0%。在过去的38年里(也就是在现任管理层接管公司以来),每股账面价值已经由19美元涨至41727美元,平均每年增长率达22.2%。

  投资人?商人乎?

  虽然是证券投资界将巴菲特率先带入了国内,但对于巴菲特究竟是以什么为职业、应该用什么称谓来定义他,却是仁者见仁、智者见智。从基金经理、投资家、战略投资者到银行家、商人,名头多多。

  “巴菲特应该算一个战略持有者。这不同于一般的投资公司(如想收购深发展的新桥投资),投资公司不会一下子持有一家公司十几年,通常经过重组包装后就卖出去,而巴菲特会持有时间很长。但他持有的目的还是源源不断得到回报,不会亲自经营操作,这又不同于实业家。”渤海证券投行部副总李文认为。

  而深圳新兰德咨询专家左旭云认为,巴菲特的内在气质是个商人。他把巴菲特的投资分为两个阶段:早期创立合伙投资公司的巴菲特是实践格雷厄姆投资法的一般投资人,并在1956年至1969年期间获得了投资业绩平均每年29.5%的复利增长、平均年度报酬率超过同期道琼斯工业指数报酬率22%的好成绩。

  而1965年他取得了以纺织为主业的伯克夏公司的控制权之后,尤其是在1969年结束了合伙投资事业之后,巴菲特的投资与收购发生了转型。与一般的做企业不同,他不是具体负责企业的经营运作,而是做大手笔的资产配置——将麾下所有控股的公司利润收缴上来,根据对于各家企业盈利前景和成长性的判断,重新将资本分配到有效率的地方,使公司的总体资产达到更好的增值。

  左旭云跟踪了多年来伯克夏的年报和巴菲特致股东的信。他以伯克夏持有的喜斯糖果公司为例来说明:当初巴菲特以2000多万美元买下了账面资产不足于2000万美元的喜斯,目前喜斯留存的账面资产为3000多万,而巴菲特从这里拿走了约4个亿的现金。现金主要是依靠股息和分红形式流出的。“现金奶牛”(cash cow)型企业是巴菲特的重要指标,而对于网络这样“有远景有转机”但还需要加倍投入资金的企业,无法赢得他的青睐。

  “巴菲特从喜斯拿走的这些现金,投入到其他利润增长和回报都胜于喜斯的公司去。他不会你提出需要买设备就给钱,他会看给你买设备之后的回报——这就是他运用大财技的经营方式,从而使其旗下公司盈利赢得平均超过20%的年增长幅度。”左旭云认为。

  巴菲特本人也持上面的观点。他曾表示,自己比较像生意人或曰商人(businessman),而非投资人(investor)。对于自己的工作,他曾经用“聪明的资产配置”来形容。显然,他在很大程度上把伯克夏的业绩也归结为配置的结果而不是简单的股价波动。

  巴菲特帝国

  巴老的伯克夏在华尔街甚至全球投资领域几乎无人不知,无人不晓,皆因为其中包含了太多的神话。该公司最主要业务为直接及再保险业,其他业务范围涉及地毯制造与销售、建材生产与销售、制鞋业、能源业、飞机及轮船驾驶培训、家具及珠宝零售、金融服务(房屋租赁、运输设备出租等业务)糖果制售、农用设备制造、乳制品制造、家居用品销售以及报业,此外还持有大量的上市公司股票,其中尤以可口可乐、吉列、美国运通、迪士尼这样家喻户晓的名牌著称,但惟独与高科技无关。2003年3月8日,伯克希尔公司公布了令人羡慕的2002年年报:营业收入423.53亿美元,净利润42.86亿美元,每股收益2795元,总资产1695亿元,净资产640亿元,均创出历史最高纪录。

  提到巴老的年报应该是投资者了解他的一个重要窗口。因为此人除了每年年报中给股东的信和每年年会中与股东的见面,其余几乎很少抛头露面,而对其多年来的投资策略更是讳莫如深。所以,很多观察他多年的投资研究人士对他的了解也无非是从每年年报的信中以及他在年会中与股东为数不多的交流。

  巴老几乎是从每年冬天就开始起草年报中那封致股东的信,这也是华尔街顶尖投资家每年必读的投资宝典,尽管其中并没有谈及其任何投资策略和技巧。巴老每年的信中,除了告诉伯克夏公司的股东们他们得到的丰厚收益,也会对美国金融业最受人瞩目的话题给出真知灼见,比如2002年的年报中,巴老就针对安然等丑闻的公之于众,畅谈了自己对CEO、独立董事等问题的改进意见,引起了金融界的又一次争论。

  这位72岁的老人何以对投资、管理都有如此敏锐的洞察力和高效的手段,全来自于他多年来对无数公司年报的仔细阅读,数十年如一日的阅读《华尔街日报》、财经类贸易类杂志,悉心揣测著名经济学家的著作和其导师格雷厄姆倡导的价值投资理论。巴老不仅读自己公司旗下数十家企业的年报,也读这数十家公司所有竞争对手的年报,而他旗下的公司涉及十几个行业,也就是说巴老要读十几个行业所有公司的年报,“我想知道我们的竞争对手在做什么,在谈什么,有什么新发现,用什么策略。”真正做到知己知彼,百战百胜。

  伯克夏可谓是个业务庞杂的控股公司,从1965年设立以来的38年中,只有4年业绩没有跑赢同期标普指数,该公司除了拥有无数子公司,还投资一些垃圾债券,其中最受巴老爱护和重视的要数为2002年的伯克夏年报贡献颇大的保险业务,伯克夏2002年42.9亿美元的利润总额中,汽车保险业务获得69亿美元的保险金,税前承保利润达4.16亿美元。截至2002年末,伯克夏公司累计投资股票的成本为91.6亿美元,年末市值为283.6亿美元,该公司资产负债表上有现金及现金等价物103亿美元,这为巴老来年的投资准备了丰富的弹药。

  巴菲特理念的中国实践

  在1997年股价走出66元高耸尖峰的四川长虹,对不少投资人来说至今记忆深刻。“当年还不知道巴菲特,但国内股市中已经有些看上市公司业绩投资的思想,我还靠这赚过钱呢!”现在是一位私募基金经理的何先生说,当时看到四川长虹中报报出1元多钱的净利润,估算全年每股盈利怎么也超过2元了,可股价还不到20元钱。当时想,这种股票买了怎么也亏不了,一时亏了就拿着保准没问题,这一拿就拿到40多元,之后抛掉了。这是中国人最早对巴菲特理念的了解。

  买公司而不是股票

  没有把自己当成茫茫股海中的一员,但巴菲特对于证券市场的影响毋庸置疑。很多人都把他奉为价值投资的楷模。但不少业内专家表示,不能如此简单地将二者画等号。

  开放式基金银华优势企业的基金经理石松鹰认为,价值投资的方式其实在任何市场上都存在,只不过我们讲的价值投资和巴氏、格雷厄姆讲的价值投资具有实质上的区别——他们的市场价值一般更接近于公司的内在价值,所以,市场上会存在市场价值低于公司内在价值的可能——按照格雷厄姆的理论,投资人只应该买进股价低于净值2/3的股票;而在中国,公司的交易价值一般会在很大程度上高于公司的内在价值,所以,在国内做投资需要经理人对相对价值进行更多的判断。

  “还要区分开格雷厄姆和巴菲特,前者是典型的价值投资,在公司的股价已经低于资产净值时才介入。”左旭云表示,巴菲特自己在《回忆录》中曾说,如果做一个忠实于格雷厄姆方法的投资人,自己很可能就是一个平庸的投资人。

  对于恩师,巴菲特形容自己身上流着85%格雷厄姆的血脉,但他也用“烟屁股投资法”来形容格氏“以低价买进某公司股票,待公司有转机后再高价卖出的方法”。 差别在于另外的15%的血液——巴菲特承认那来自费雪。他从费雪处学来了对企业与经营特质作深入研究的方法。

  那么,证券市场对于巴菲特又意味着什么?

  左旭云认为,证券市场大幅波动、过度反应的特点,为巴菲特提供了好的买入机会。“依我们过去的经验显示,从公开市场所买进部分股权的价格远比整笔购并所谈的价格要低许多。”巴菲特自己也曾点明这个意义。

  除了格雷厄姆,“还要严格区分开巴菲特和彼得·林奇”。上海一位海外归来的基金经理又指出。虽然两人都提出只投资于自己熟悉的领域,都冠名以价值投资,但后者作为公募的开放式基金的基金经理,显然更是证券市场上谈论的价值投资概念。从平均持有股票的时间看,彼得·林奇肯定短于巴菲特,从持有股票的数量看,又要多于巴菲特,更重要的是彼得·林奇不可能过深介入一家公司,他持有公司股票的比重受到基金投资的种种政策约束,而巴菲特不仅可以严重影响公司的管理层,而且,很多收购的对象都不是上市公司。

  相对于“价值投资”,很多人士认为巴菲特的投资理念精髓应该说是“买公司而不是股票”,不关注短期的股价涨跌。

  巴菲特投资公司的标准为:所选公司一定要稳定经营、产品简单、财务稳健、经营者诚实理性、经营效率高、具有“经济商誉”、较高的“所有者收益”。而除去这种选择依据之外,非常重要的另一点是他能够长期坚持,始终不渝。石松鹰先生认为,巴菲特之所以能够不被别人轻而易举的复制,就在于他能够始终如一地坚持、恪守自己的投资理念,在市场条件与其投资理念相冲突时,他宁可选择暂时退出市场,也不放弃自己的理念。也就是这样地不为市场所动,才能使他安全度过了美国历史上的多次股灾,成功地为股东保护和创造了财富。

  而石松鹰相信,正是由于巴菲特具有比较长时间的、稳定的业绩,这能给股东很大的说服力,使他们相信在以后的投资过程中,巴菲特还能做到与原来一样成功,因为巴菲特过往的投资业绩已经使得这些股东完全理解了他的投资理念。

  中国能学巴菲特?

  中国的投资人能不能学巴菲特?长久以来,这都是个争论不休的话题。对此,不少业内人士的看法是巴菲特只可以借鉴,无法照搬。真正严格起来,按照巴菲特的方法在中国股市中几乎寸步难行。

  内地首只开放式基金华安创新在2001年年度报告中就指出,在国内证券市场当前状况下,类似巴菲特那样的绝对价值投资机会相当少,而我们从基本面研究为出发点的投资实际上是做相对价值投资。应该说这种投资环境对投资时机选择能力的要求相当高,这可能也是国内基金经理们不得不面对的一道难题。

  观看股市构成的基础“细胞”上市公司,银华的石松鹰先生也罗列出诸多因素制约:

  首先是当前国内很多公司在治理结构上存在较多的问题,这些问题造成了很多上市公司的经理人存在损害股东利益的行为,这与巴氏股票选择标准中要求经营者诚实理性的要求相冲突。而巴菲特喜爱完全拥有一家公司,但国内大量不流通的国有股决定了其他投资人难以超越而成为控股股东;

  其次,巴氏对于他所投资的公司力求业务简单、容易理解,前景看好,但是国内证券市场在信息披露制度上还存在较多的缺陷,存在较多的信息不对称,而正是这种不对称造成了投资者对上市公司缺乏了解;并且也很容易形成内幕交易,侵害投资者的权益;

  尽管我们国家的会计制度越来越完善,但是目前还存在一些漏洞,再加上信息不对称,使得上市公司很容易进行盈余管理,很容易形成内部人侵害投资者利益的机会;

  此外,目前国内市场上的公司在很大程度上存在被市场高估的现象,这在一定程度上不符合巴氏具有较高“安全边际”的选股标准,而且“所有者收益”也低于巴菲特的指标。

  巴菲特的资产规模和名望也是难以效法的。业内人士指出,在投资感兴趣的公司之前,因为金额庞大,持有股权甚多,所以,巴菲特有很多机会去接触公司负责经营管理的阶层,容易了解公司的真实情况和发展前景,这显然也是一般投资人难以得到的优势。股市中对于巴菲特多年的成功不吝赞赏,然而另一个事实是,繁忙的华尔街无法诞生巴菲特,巴菲特也远离华尔街的喧嚣躲在自己的小镇,二者犹如比肩的平行线各自前进。证券投资界的土壤似乎注定无法创造巴菲特。

  对此,石松鹰认为,并不是所有的投资人都能像巴菲特这样拥有足够长的时间来证明自己。在许多投资机构中,由于短期业绩的压力,使得许多投资经理人不得不在乎短期股价的涨跌,造成他们不能始终一贯地坚持自己的投资理念,在不同投资风格和投资理念之间轮转,而这样势必会对投资的长期收益造成影响。

  这种短期的巨大压力在目前的中国相当严重:证券公司的自营部门和民间机构多以一年作为投资期限,提出计划和任务;证券投资基金更是一周排一次名、一季度考核一次。“不能在黎明前的黑暗中倒下,否则一切都是白搭。其实,这种事情已经发生不少了。”一位基金经理说。

  中国投资者的机会

  不过,石松鹰表示,随着互联网的兴起,信息在市场上的流动越来越流畅、越来越快,这在很大程度上提升了市场的有效性;同时随着国内机构投资者纷纷成立自己的研究机构,越来越关注投资的基本面研究,使得公司市场价值与其内在价值之间的相关度越来越强;QFII的加入也将在一定程度上促进市场的有效性,所以,上述的这种情形正在逐步改变,而且有可能比我们想像的进程要快得多。

  从来都是时势造英雄。巴菲特接受专访时曾说过,他是一个在正确的时间,出生于正确的地点的人。如果生于1700年的美洲,他什么也不是。“能够生于20世纪30年代,就像是‘中了超级大奖’一样”,二次世界大战之后美国迅速的发展,给他提供了绝无仅有的发展机会。而很多接受采访的人士都认为,当前中国正面临着类似的机会。申万研究所的康伟认为,近两年宏观经济指标的良好表现已经显露未来的势头,这种发展的力度和惯性会推动经济继续走好。

  鹏华基金管理公司一位基金经理则相信,在中国这种宏观经济持续高增长的背景下,市场化进程和开放都在不断推进,越发激烈甚至残酷的市场竞争必然通过优胜劣汰筛选出一批具有国际水准的企业。如果现在能够发现这些企业的萌芽,开始介入,随着它们的成长一定会带来可观的回报。

  不过,银华优势企业基金经理石松鹰也指出,国内很多企业经营历史比较短,许多行业均处于成长期,而且在加入WTO后能否保持原有的竞争力,还有很多的不确定因素,根据其较短的经营历史很难对其未来进行比较确定的判断。

 

熊市王者——巴菲特新传

  2003年5月3日在美国奥马哈举行的伯克夏公司股东大会一定会开得非常愉快热烈,因为这家作为世界第二大富翁巴菲特投资载体的公司去年大获全胜,全年利润总额达到创记录的42.9亿美元,比2001年增长了3倍。伯克夏的帐面收益较标准普尔500指数的走势超过了32.1%,一举扭转了过去几年欠佳的投资记录,巴菲特再一次捍卫了“股神”和“奥马哈的圣人”的地位。巴菲特靠什么投资秘笈得以“复辟”?卷土重来的他又会如何大展鸿图?想必是众多读者关心的话题。为此我们以2002年伯克夏公司的年报和巴菲特致股东的一封信为依据,给大家一个2003年版的巴菲特。

  保险帝国(上篇)

  (1)饮水思源

  1951年的一个周末,一位美国大学生敲响了位于华盛顿特区的政府雇员保险公司(GEICO,以下简称“盖可”)的大门。敲了半天,终于有警卫前来开门。由他引领,年青人拜见了当天唯一在办公室的公司副总裁——罗里莫?大卫。年青人询问了很多问题,大卫则用了四个小时讲述了盖可公司的特点,好好地给年青人上了一课。

  45年后,这位已近70岁的“年青人”仍满怀感激地在致股东的信中提及93岁的大卫:“自从我认识大卫后,45年以来他一直就是我崇拜的偶像之一,而他确实也从未让我失望过,大家必须了解如果没有大卫在1951年那个寒冷的星期六的慷慨解说,伯克夏就绝对不可能会有今天的成就,多年来私底下,我已不知感谢他多少次了,但是今天在这里我觉得应该籍着年报代替伯克夏所有的股东向他致上深深的谢意”。

  1999年,“年青人”又籍着致公司股东的信的机会,宣告96岁的大卫将出现在伯克夏的股东大会上。“年青人”的感谢是有理由的,因为哪怕是2003年的现在,他仍接受盖可公司和当年入门保险业奥妙的恩泽。

  (2)投资初恋

  这位“年青人”就是巴菲特,1950年他在哥伦比亚大学读书。巴菲特之所以产生拜访盖可公司的兴趣,是因为他崇拜的老师格雷厄姆是该公司的董事。盖可创建于1936年,创建人古德温是一位保险会计师。公司的主要特色有二:第一,公司的客户是政府雇员,尽管汽车事故比较频繁,但政府雇员作为一个整体,驾驶汽车出事的概率要比其他人低地多。第二,公司的产品直接通过邮寄直销而不是通过保险代理商来,这样可节省保险费的10%—25%。

  1948年,格雷厄姆的投资公司以72万美元的代价买下了盖可的50%股份。但美国证券交易委员会强迫格雷厄姆投资公司将持股比例下降10%,因为这是《投资公司法》的规定。格雷厄姆只得把股份转让给雇员,后来,盖可发展成了一个拥有十几亿美元资产公司时,那些员工都成了百万富翁。当时的巴菲特也是盖可的受益者。从哥伦比亚大学毕业的几个月后,他回到家乡奥马哈担任经纪人。巴菲特把重心全部摆在盖可这只股票之上,他作成的第一笔生意就是把它介绍给自己的阿姨。

  由于初出茅庐,巴菲特推销盖可并不成功,于是1951年他自己分四次买进盖可股票,总共持有350股,成本为10282美元,但这笔钱占了巴菲特当时身家的50%以上。1952年,巴菲特以15259美元出清。看似赚了笔钱的巴菲特后来深深后悔,因为20年后,他所卖的盖可股票价值1300万美元。

  (3)终成眷属

  但,巴菲特对保险业的偏好没因抛出盖可股票而停止。他投资过堪萨斯城人寿保险公司和马萨诸塞州人寿保险公司等保险业股票。他所控制的投资公司伯克夏在1967年3月出资860万美元购买了奥马哈的两家头牌保险公司——国民赔偿公司和火灾及海运保险公司的全部流通股。至此,伯克夏公司抛离了原本的纺织主业,开始了保险帝国的营造。

  巴菲特收购了保险公司,也取得了业内的真经,比如,巴菲特从国民赔偿公司创始人杰克?林沃特学到了很多保险业的经验和原则。

  20世纪60年代后期,保险业本身就是个相当赚钱的行当。仅1968年,国民赔偿公司保费收入2000万美元,税后利润达到220万美元。而巴菲特又利用了保险公司稳定的现金流进行证券投资组合操作。伯克夏公司在1967年收购上面所说的两家保险公司时,它们拥有2470万美元的债券和720万美元的股票,两年后,该组合的价值就达到4200万美元。整个70年代,巴菲特一共购买了3家保险公司,并另外组建了5家保险公司。

  整个60年代当然也是盖可公司的黄金时代。不过,70年代初期,在公司董事长大卫退休后不久,继任的管理阶层犯了一连串严重的错误,他们低估了保险理赔的成本,使得公司对外销售保单的订价过低,此举导致公司几乎面临倒闭的命运。所幸后来由于杰克?拜伦在1976年接手公司,并采取紧急的补救措施后,才使得公司幸免于难。公司股票的价格也从1972年的历史最高点每股61美元跌到1976年的每股2美元。

  就在这时,巴菲特出手了。伯克夏在1976年下半年买进大量的盖可股份,之后又小幅加码,到了1980年底,巴菲特总共投入4570万美元取得该公司33.3%的股权。在往后的15年内,巴菲特并没有再增持股份,不过由于盖可不断地回购自家公司的股份,伯克夏在盖可的持股比例逐渐增加到50%左右。

  到了1995年,巴菲特同意以23亿美元买下盖可公司另一半的股份(1951年,盖可公司的总市值不过只有700万美元)。巴菲特向股东解释出“天价”收购的理由之一是:“盖可拥有两位相当优秀的经理人,一位是专门负责保险部门营运的托尼,一位是专门负责投资部门营运的辛普森”。

  巴菲特对辛普森的投资天份评价极高:“从1980年的这段期间,盖可的投资在辛普森的管理下,年度平均投资报酬率高达22.8%,同期标普只有15.7%。辛普森在盖可所采取谨慎保守专注集中的投资方式与伯克夏一致,有他在,对伯克夏来说绝对有相当大的帮助,而他的存在同时也使得伯克夏可以确保查理(伯克夏的副董事长)跟我本人万一要是有任何突发状况时,能够有一位杰出的专业人士立即接手我们的工作”。

  这并非溢美之词,辛普森一直做得很出色。2003年2月巴菲特在给股东的信中还谈到,在几年乏善可陈的投资记录后,伯克夏终于有了起色。但这不包括辛普森,因为他为盖可公司管理的证券早已持续领先标普指数,

  同样,盖可公司也是巴菲特每年必须评点的“好学生”。盖可仍保持了公司创始时的保险直销定位,该公司的竞争优势完全拜其超低成本的经营模式所赐。巴菲特的对此的介绍是:“低成本代表低售价,低售价自然能够吸引并留住优良的保险客户,而整个营业流程在满意的客户向他们的朋友推荐盖可时划下完美的句点。靠着客户的推荐,盖可每年至少因此增加100万张保单,占新接业务量的半数以上,也使得我们新接业务成本大幅下降,从而又进一步降低我们的成本”。面对2002年的盖可业绩,巴菲特用略带夸张的口气说是仿佛在做梦,必须用手掐一下自己才能相信这是真的。

  盖可在1996年被巴菲特全面收购时,获取的保费是29亿美元,2002年这一数字上升到69亿美元,该公司的2002年税前承保利润达4.16亿美元,几乎是2001年2.21亿美元的两倍。比较有意思的是,盖可的保险直销因特网业务前景也看好,新业务2002年增长了75%。

  (4)伯克夏价值之门

  任何一家公司的获利能力取决于(1)资产报酬率;(2)负债的成本和(3)财务杠杆的运用(也就是其运用负债而非股东权益来配置资产取得的程度)。多年以来,伯克夏在资产报酬率一项表现优异,让人艳羡。但正如巴菲特自称,“然而在另外一方面由于资金成本极低,也使得我们受惠不少,这点就比较鲜为人知”。  伯克夏资金成本之所以可以压得很低,主要是由于公司用很有利的条件取得“保险浮存金”(float)。

  对大多数非保险业内的人士而言浮存金是个很生僻的词儿,但它对理解包括伯克夏在内的保险业实为重要。唯其如此,巴菲特在每年给股东的一封信中都会用几乎标准格式化的词语解释“浮存金”。 浮存金是一项我们持有但不属于我们的资金。在保险公司的营运中,浮存金的产生原因在于保险公司在真正支付损失理赔之前,一般会先向保户收取保费,在这期间保险公司会将资金运用在其他投资之上。当然这样的好处也必须要付出代价,通常保险业者收取的保费并不足以因应最后支付出去的相关损失与费用,于是保险公司便会发生承保损失,这就是浮存金的成本。

  “而当一家公司取得浮存金成本,就长期而言低于其他管道取得资金的成本时,它就有存在的价值;一旦保险事业取得浮存金的成本远高于市场利率时,它就像是一颗酸柠檬”。

  1967年伯克夏进军保险业以来,公司的浮存金每年就以百分之二十多的复合成长率增加。2001年底浮存金是355亿美金,去年底已增至412亿美元。更令人惊讶的是,这些浮存金大部分时候的成本为零,甚至是负的,也就是说光持有这些资金就能让巴菲特赚钱了。2002年伯克夏的浮存金成本也只有极低的1%。如此低的成本并非伯克夏靠保险业的“垄断”得来,它需要经验、直觉和勇气,还要加一点运气。

  (5)巨灾保险

  巴菲特曾说过这样一句话:“保险业所发生的意外,通常都不是什么好消息”。

  有时候伯克夏的浮存金成本也会突然大幅上扬,主要的原因在于公司从事巨灾保险业务,本身属于保险业中变动最大的一种险种。从事这类业务,伯克夏将保单卖给其他保险公司与再保公司以分散其面临超大型意外灾害所可能承担的风险。

  由于真正重大的灾害并不是每年都发生,所以伯克夏的巨灾业务极有可能在连续几年赚大钱后,突然又发生重大的损失。换句话说,公司的巨灾保险业务到底有多吸引人可能要花上好几年才有办法看得清。值得注意的是,所谓的重大损失的年头不是可能会发生,而是肯定会发生,唯一的问题是它什么时候会降临。

  这类险种如果未经过仔细的核算价值,很可能会形成极高的风险。巴菲特曾举过这样的一个例子,二颗骰子要掷出十二点的机率约为36分之一,现在假设我们一年只掷出一次,每次可以收取100万的赌注,但一旦掷出十二点时庄家的你必须支付5000万美元。或许刚开始你会以为这100万美元得来全不费工夫,甚至有75.4%的机率保证你在前十年都不必付出一毛钱,最后你会发现就长期而言,接受这样的赌注对庄家来说实际上是亏大了,甚至有可能让你倾家荡产。

  不过,正如证券投资一样,知道是一回事,具体行动又是一回事。不少保险业者总会抱侥幸心理,把上述的“十二点机率”的36分之一看成是100分之一,以为轮不到自己倒霉。这样,在保险业界也会出现市场泡沫,大量资金涌入竟逐有限的保单生意,使得保费出现不合理的下降,然后几年之后吞食苦果。巴菲特多次表示不打“价格战”,因为“早在1970年代初期,伯克夏就在不知情的情况下,犯下类似的错误,结果在往后的二十年内,因为那个年代错误所付出的代价,造成理赔损失的帐单不断地涌进本公司,而我有预感我们将会为20年前所的错误继续付出代价,一张糟糕的再保合约就像地狱一样,进去容易但想出来可就难了”。

  (6)飞来横祸

  巴菲特没想到的是,他20世纪末再次进入了一次地狱。

  在90年代中期之前,伯克夏的巨灾保险进行得还是有声有色的。负责巨灾保险的伯克夏的再保险业务的掌门人阿吉特?杰恩生于印度,毕业于哈佛高学院,曾为IBM公司和麦肯锡公司工作,尔后加盟伯克夏公司。在他的主持下,公司在1996年承揽了佛罗里达的飓风险,又和加州地震局签约,金额都相当庞大。另外,阿吉特?杰恩还做出一些很有意思的案子,如当时拳王泰森的生命险以及保证中国卫星的发射及在轨道上周转一年,结果都获得成功。

  1998年12月21日,伯克夏完成了对通用再保公司(General Re)220亿美元的购并案。通用再保是美国最大的产物险再保险公司,并拥有世界上历史最悠久的再保公司科隆82%的股权,两家公司合起来可接受所有保险险种的再保险,并在世界124个国家设有营业网点。

  巴菲特在当年致股东的信中,对通用再保赞不绝口:

  “几十年来,通用再保代表的是再保业界品质、正直与专业的保证,而在Ron Ferguson的领导之下,这个招牌更加获得肯定,关于通用再保的专业,伯克夏实在没有太多的东西可以给他们,反倒是他们应该有更多的东西可以教我们”。

  收购通用再保,巴菲特也有情感因素。那就是该公司在1976年盖可东山再起的过程中,扮演极为重要的角色。

  巴菲特曾以智者的口吻嘲笑过很多失败的购并。如,他讲过一位拥有跛脚马主人的故事。他牵着病马去给兽医看,说:“你可以帮帮我吗?我实在是搞不懂为什么这匹马的表现时好时坏”。兽医的回答正中要害,“没问题,趁它表现正常的时候赶快把它卖掉”。在购并的世界中,这样的跛脚马往往被装饰成圣物到处行骗。

  而通用再保就像一匹跛脚马。

  2003年2月,巴菲特在致股东的信中,对收购通用再保做了反省。巴菲特终于承认,1998年收购通用再保时,他的估价“完全错误”。“此公司当时严重夸大了自己的价值,而伯克夏的管理层,包括我,对此并不了解。另外,通用再保还积累很大的风险,如果发生灾难,比方说恐怖分子在袭击美国时引爆了几颗大型原子弹,那么这种风险会是致命的”。 巴菲特还承认,“如果9?11事件世界贸易中心遭袭时,通用再保还是一家独立的公司,那么单单这次袭击就会威胁该公司的生存”。

  在回顾伯克夏的保险浮存金成本向来是零甚至是负的时候,巴菲特却提到2001年的浮存金成本惊人,达到12.8%,其中约一半可归于世贸大楼的损失(当然,伯克夏在1983-1984年,也曾经历过更为糟糕的年份)。

  通用再保在2001年亏损额是37亿美元,2002年已减至14亿美元。“去年,我们花了很多精力,以使该公司恢复元气,我现在很高兴地宣布,我们已经取得了很大的进步”。巴菲特说,“通用再保目前已做好准备,将为伯克夏提供巨大数额的无成本的‘浮存金’,而且那些致命的灾难风险因素已被消除。通用再保仍然且有我在过去概述的极强的竞争能力。去年,它获得了另外一个非常重要的优势,因为其过去被评级为AAA的三个世界最大竞争对手各自被至少一家评级机构降级了”。

  (7)再保险业将不太平

  巴菲特在反省通用再保时,还说了一段话:“最近,一个世界上最大的再保险公司——一家经常由主要经纪人推荐给一级保险人的公司——已经停止偿付包括有效和到期在内的索赔了。该公司对数百家现在面对巨额销帐的一级保险人欠下数十亿美元的债务”。这当然引起了世界财经媒体和保险业界的关注。其他保险公司管理人士称,巴菲特的声明是出于突出通用再保AAA实力的自身利益考虑,夸大了问题的严重性。但他们不得不承认再保险业在过去几年中发生了巨大的变化,至少再保公司支付保险金的速度远远低于近来任何时期。

  我们知道,再保险商作为一级保险公司的保险人,提供的是分散风险的至关重要的途径。再保险商的存在使得一级保险商得以承保数额巨大的保单,因为再保险商同意支付由这些保单引发的部分索赔。如果再保险公司不支付索赔,一级保险公司仍需承担责任。因此,对于一级保险公司的利润来说,最关键的因素莫过于再保险公司支付赔款的能力和意愿。

  例如,在百慕大注册的保险商Ace Ltd于2003年1月宣布,公司拨出22亿美元的准备金以支付石棉案相关的索赔,其中有18.6亿美元将来自再保险公司。美国国际集团在2003年2月提高索赔准备金时,有7亿美元将来自再保险公司。如果目前的再保险公司出现大量的拖欠情况,对一级保险商的营运打击会非常沉重。

  (8)伯克夏的机会

  这种状况可能给巴菲特以机会。

  巴菲特多次介绍过伯克夏再保险业务的三项竞争优势。第一,伯克夏在任何情况下都可以让保户得到百分之百的立即的理赔,通用再保就是这样一个例子;第二,当一件大灾害发生后,保险公司最迫切需要重新办理投保时,可能会发现很难再找到新保单,在这个时候,伯克夏保证绝对可以提供任何服务。最后一项优势是,伯克夏能够提供别处得不到的单一最高的投保上限。

  上述优势只有在再保险市场萧条的时候才能充分发挥,因为这时“廉价”的保单对客户不再有吸引力。他们会寻求与最强的再保险商打交道。伯克夏的子公司盖可也深受“廉价”

  保单之害,德国再保险公司Gerling在2001年年底拖欠了盖可4700万美元,数额超过其他任何一家再保险商。另外,几家再保险商都拖欠盖可的保险金不还。巴菲特在2003年致股东的信中介绍道,这些都是盖可公司管理人员在1981年-1983年为了贪小便宜造成的损失。

  那么,向来关注“安全边际”的巴菲特为什么要从事如此不确定性的再保险业务呢?

  这与巴菲特的自信和经验有关,即他擅长做“模糊的正确”而不是“精确的错误”之事。

  为此,巴菲特有一段很精彩的见解:

  “大家一定会问在保单有效期间我们最后真正必须支付理赔的机率到底有多大?老实说我们实在是不知道,而我们也不认为用电脑运算出来的程式可以帮我们什么忙,基本上电脑做出的预测根本就是垃圾,它们反而会让做决策的人误以为得到某种确定的假象,从而使得他们犯下了大错的机会大增。过去不管是在保险或投资业,这种离谱的情况屡见不鲜,看看投资组合保险在1987年股市大崩盘时所造成的惨况,有人开玩笑说,当时应该要跳楼是电脑而不是那些被它们所愚弄的人”。

  巴菲特认为,虽然伯克夏无法准确地评估风险到底有多大,不过公司却还是可以合理地接下保单,就像是你并不一定要真的知道一个人的实际年龄,才能判断他是否可以去投票或是一定要知道一个人几公斤重才认为他该不该减肥。同样的,伯克夏在接下保单时,心里早有预备,准备把90%的保费收入花在损失理赔与相关费用之上,慢慢的一段时间下来,公司就会发现,这样的订价是否合理,这绝对需要时间来证明。

  《沃伦?巴菲特的投资组合》一书的作者哈格斯特朗曾采访过巴菲特的老搭档查理。查理告诉作者,集中投资与从事巨灾再保险业务的思路是相似的。巨灾保险定价之所以棘手,还有一个重要原因是,汽车保险可以依赖大量数据的法则,而飓风和地震发生的次数却不足以建立可靠的统计数据。也就是说,再保险商不能仅凭过去的经验推断。例如,如果“全球变暖”真的发生,灾难发生的概率就会改变。因为气象条件的每一丝细微变化都会对天气情况产生巨大影响。巴菲特曾介绍:“最近几年,人口的膨胀使海岸保险的价值剧增。沿海地区是最易受袭击的地区,而飓风又是巨灾的罪魁祸手。20年前,由飓风引起的Χ美元的赔偿现在很容易成为价值10Χ美元的赔偿”。

  而集中投资也是低发生频率、高发生效果事件环境的典型范例。集中投资者很少下注,一旦下注就押在高概率事件上。如果管理得当,集中证券投资的失败频率较低,但失败真的发生了,后果将是惨重的,证券投资会遭受高于平均水平的重创。像国内机构投资者重仓持有“银广夏”等股票的失败教训是很好的例子。

  由于巴菲特及伯克夏公司不管在巨灾再保险和集中投资方面都有过人之处,相信目前及今后的一段日子的再保险市场的状况会给他们机会的。

  (9)保险帝国将重新上路

  在2002年,伯克夏旗下所有保险业务的经营利润为26亿美元,扭转了2001年亏损12亿美元的局面。能取得如此成绩,除了盖可公司外,巴菲特在给股东的信中写道:“阿吉特的再保险部门是我们去年筹资成本如此小的主要原因。如果我们要在伯克夏年度报告上放一张照片,它将是阿吉特的照片,而且一定要彩色的”。

  阿吉特业务的再保险部门在2002年创造了5.34亿美元,超过了盖可公司的4.16亿美元。巴菲特强调:“我们在阿吉特的业务中承受了风险,它远远大于世界上其他的保险人所持有的风险”。

  但正如巴菲特每年几乎一定要对股东说的那样:

  “我们会不时地遭受重大损失,但是查理和我愿意去接受这种波动较大的结果,以换取长期的优良收益,而用其他的方法是不可能取得这么好的收益的。由于多数保险商选择平衡的战略,我们被赋予了这种竞争优势,我们试图尽量最大化我们的优势。换句话说,我们宁愿要波浪起伏的15%也不要四平八稳的12%”。(张志雄)

巴菲特新传下篇--再写传奇

(1)喜欢股价下跌

  提及巴菲特,很多人总是把他和华尔街联系起来,并希图从那儿获得股票投资的真经,这种愿望是可以理解的,毕竟巴菲特的股票投资十分成功。但,如果你仔细倾听这位居住工作在艾奥瓦州的奥马哈老人的话语,会发现他和华尔街可谓道不同不相谋。

 以一个最为浅显最容易让人误解的事情为例,巴菲特是因坚持长期投资而获得成功。这很容易牵扯入买卖股票的时机和时间长短的投机与投资之辩中。而事实上,巴菲特与华尔街机构更不要说一般的散户对股市的理解是完全不同的。

  在这儿,我提一个问题,如果你是一个市场中人,你敢在公开场合说股价下跌是好事吗(而且不以稀释泡沫为由)?如果你在华尔街,人们会对你侧目而视;在深沪股市,若你是普通投资者,当心被人骂娘;若你在媒体上发言,当心遭人围攻。可是,巴菲特就坦承他喜欢股票下跌,而且越低越好。其实,这就是以交易(卖)为目标的华尔街思维和以企业投资(买)为目标的伯克夏理念根本不同所在。巴菲特就说过,许多投资者不合逻辑地在股票价格上涨时心情愉快,而在他们下跌时闷闷不乐。令人不解的是,在对食品价格的反应中,他们不会表现出这样的混乱:他们知道自己永远是食品的买家,并且欢迎不停下跌的价格,谴责价格上涨(只有食品的卖家不会喜欢一路下跌的价格)。

  由于巴菲特不是将股票看做一种时刻交易的符号,而是公司的一小部分(他多次重申更喜欢年复一年地买进整个公司),那么下跌的公司价格将使伯克夏受益,而上涨的价格会伤害伯克夏。

  巴菲特下面一段话会让我们那些高唱“今天好明天会更好”的股评家和证券媒体汗颜:

  “低价格最常见的起因是悲观主义,有时是四处弥漫的,有时是一家公司或一个行业所特有的。我们要在这样一种环境下开展业务,不是因为我们喜欢悲观主义,而是因为我们喜欢它造成的价格。乐观主义才是理性投资者的大敌”。

  (2)宿醉未醒

  在2003年早春,巴菲特对伯克夏股东的信中,他对现今的股市评论是:“连跌三年的股价虽已大大提高了普通股的吸引力,但我们仍几乎难以找到哪怕对我们只有温和吸引力的股票。这种令人沮丧的现实情况,反映了股价在‘大泡沫’时期达到的高度是如何地疯狂。而且不幸的是,酒醉的时间可能会和暴饮的程度成正比”。

  巴菲特说,除非他发现哪只股票有较大的产生至少10%税前回报的可能性,否则他将会离场观望,而目前的状况仍属于后者。

  “有时打盹要比惊醒着的收获还要好”,巴菲特比较喜欢这句话。

  (3)购买垃圾债券大获全胜

  2002年,巴菲特出了奇兵,对一些垃圾债券进行了投资,“总体来说,我们在这方面的投资获得了五倍的收益,去年年底这个部分的资金增加到了83亿美元”。

  巴菲特说,在高收益率的垃圾债券市场中投资,和投资股市基本相似,“因为都需要衡量价格与价值的关系。而且都需要在上百个投资对象中寻找数量很少的、回报风险比率较有吸引力的品种”。

  当然,巴菲特也承认垃圾债券市场所涉及的企业“更为冷僻,因此我们预计会在某些垃圾债券上严重亏损,但迄今,我们在这块做得还不错”。除此之外,巴菲特没有透露更多的消息,这和他的一贯原则相符,怕是泄露消息而被人搭便车吧。在以往的伯克夏的投资组合中,固定收益证券所占比例远远低于其他保险公司。像在1993年,包括债券和优先股在内的固定收益证券只占伯克夏投资组合的17%,而大多数保险公司的这一比例要在60%至80%之间。

  巴菲特过去一般很少买入低于投资级的债券。一旦买入的几种低于投资级的债券,也被巴菲特称之为“堕落的天使”——最初是投资级但因时机不佳被降级的债券。其典型案例是在1983年、1984年买入1.39亿美元华盛顿公用电力系统债券(票面价值2.05亿美元)。而他对垃圾债券(也叫高收益债券)的态度更为谨慎,他认为这种新的投资工具是“冒牌的堕落的天使”,因为它在发行之前就是垃圾。

  在80年代垃圾债券盛行时,以米尔肯为首的倡导者根据过去的历史数据证明较高的利率可以补偿投资者可能遭受的违约风险。巴菲特反驳道,要小心金融业,这种利用历史业绩证据的把戏“如果历史书是致富的关键,那么《福布斯》400大富翁将都出自图书管理员”。

  巴菲特对当时盛行的垃圾债券非常反感,他攻击垃圾债券的经营者像瘾君子,不是把精力放在寻找治愈其满身债务的良方上,而是把精力放在寻找另一次毒品注射上。至于那些垃圾债券的倡导者是“金融变态者”。

  当80年代末90年代初垃圾债券市场崩溃时,巴菲特变成了诗人:“金融界的天空因为衰败公司的尸体而变得阴暗”。 不过,巴菲特是个“即有原则也有灵活性”的人,他说过:“仅仅固守一种特定的投资类型或投资风格,投资者不可能获得超常的利润。他只能通过认真评估实际情况并不断训练获得这种利润。

  巴菲特曾在1989年、1990年两年间,以低于债券面值的价格购买了RJR纳比斯柯公司4.4亿美元的垃圾债券。1988年,KKR公司凭借银行贷款和发行垃圾债券成功地以250亿美元价格收购RJR纳比斯柯公司,是当时十分轰动的“大交易”。但由于其后垃圾债券市场崩溃,殃及RJR垃圾债券。巴菲特却认为投资该债券可获得14.4%的收益(相当于一个企业的盈利水平),并且其低落的价格还提供了潜在的资本收益。

  1991年看,RJR公司宣布将按债券的票面价值赎回大部分垃圾债券。这一公告使其债券价格上涨了34%,巴菲特从中获得1.5亿美元的资本收入。巴菲特在2002年投资的垃圾债券是否大多数类似RJR债券,还是……有待继续观察。

  (4)大规模杀伤性武器

  在对待衍生金融工具的态度方面,2003年的巴菲特却变得越来越负面。巴菲特在致股东的信中说,他和查理均认为,衍生产品不管是对参与交易的各方,还是对整个经济体系来说,都是“定时炸弹”。因为,在衍生合约履约前,交易双方通常在当前业绩报告中计入“巨额利润”,而实际上没有发生一美分的交易。

  “衍生合约的想像空间,和人类的想像力一样无边无际,或者有时可以这么说,和疯子的想像力一样没有边际”,巴菲特写道。他还以破产的安然公司为例,在这家公司,多年以后才履行的宽频互联网衍生合约都计入了当前的业绩。

  巴菲特称,衍生合约的另一个问题是,“在一家公司遇到麻烦时,衍生合约会因为一些毫不相关的原因而使问题严重恶化。产生这种累加效应的原因是,很多衍生合约要求信贷评级被下调的公司立即向合约另一方提供抵押品,这样会导致恶性循环,从而使企业彻底垮掉”。  巴菲特并非无的放矢,他的通用再保公司也陷入金融衍生品的泥沼中,仅2002年就在这方面税前亏损了1.73亿美元。在1998年收购通用再保时,伯克夏并不想要它的衍生品交易部门。但巴菲特没能够出售掉该业务。

  不能出售,就自行了断吧。可是说起来容易,做起来难。巴菲特感叹道:“事实上,再保险和衍生品业务有一些类似:见鬼,两者都很容易进入,但退出来几乎不可能。在这两个行业中,一旦你签了一份合同,这可能要求数十年后大额付款,你通常只能遵守它”。

  截至2002年年底,通用再保还有14384份待履行合同,涉及遍布全世界的672个相关交易方,其错综复杂令人如堕云雾。给如此的投资组合估价,哪怕在专业的审计员之间也会产生大相径庭的认识。

  在2002年给股东的信函中,巴菲特也提到了当年专业从事衍生品市场的长期资本管理公司(LTCM)营救行动。1998年9月23日11点40分,在外旅游的巴菲特对快要破产的LTCM报价,伯克夏、美国国际集团和高盛公司愿意出价2.5亿美元购买年初资产净值尚高达47亿美元但当时只有5.5亿美元的LTCM。但由于巴菲特没有弄清LTCM的复杂结构,他报价的合同在法律上站不住脚,LTCM的律师又没法和他联系上,大家只得作罢。

  从今天看来,巴菲特也许应该庆幸当时的“草率”,因为看来至少伯克夏对衍生工具束手无策。

  (5)小城故事

  由于巴菲特对买整个企业比买其中一部分股票更感兴趣,在每年他致股东的信中都会抽出一个章节来谈各种收购事宜,而其中必定有一个富有人情味和乡土味的企业故事。

  2002年伯克夏启动的最大的收购是TPC公司。

  TPC是1980年创办的。创办人多丽丝当时是个芝加哥郊区的34岁家政学教师,生有两个小女孩。她并没有任何创业的渴望,只是想干点什么来贴补家庭的微薄收入。多丽丝以其寿险单作为抵押借贷了3000美元,然后在家里的地下室成立了TPC。她的计划是面向妇女推销厨具,并给以顾问指导。在第一次开车出发推销的路上,多丽丝心里直打退堂鼓,告诉自己是注定要失败的,但那个晚上客户喜欢她和她的产品,购买了价值175美元的货物。

  从此TPC上路了,多丽丝同丈夫一道,在第一年完成了5万美元的业务。22年后的今天,TPC通过67000位厨房顾问的努力完成了一年7亿美元的业务。2002年8月,多丽丝与巴菲特在奥马哈碰面。此前,巴菲特曾去过一次TPC聚会,他很容易地发现为什么此项业务能够成功。TPC的产品,很大程度上拥有专有权,样式新颖但非常有用,另外顾问学问丰富且热情。所以,巴菲特花了10秒钟作出了收购决定,这是他的一贯风格。

  (6)闷声发大财

  2002年,尽管经济不景气,伯克夏的各种非保险业务也表现出色。十年前,公司从非保险业务中赚取的年税前利润是2.72亿美元,现在从伯克夏不断扩大的制造、零售、服务和金融业务收入中每月就赚取这个金额。

  在非保险业务中,伯克夏持股达80.2%的中美能源公司业绩在2002年和今年仍在增长,它拥有的180亿美元的资产是伯克夏非保险收益的最大源流。鞋业已经结束了2001年的亏损,伯克夏的家庭和建筑相关的业务则为公司贡献了9.41亿美元的税前利润。

  有意思的是,与这些不起眼的业务相比,伯克夏拥有的少数股权的EJA(企业主管飞行计划)却仍处于亏损状态。对巴菲特比较熟悉的人应该记得他在1998年致股东的信中,隆重地推荐过EJA。从表面上看,EJA确实是个巧妙的点子。按照部分所有权计划,企业主管可以买下由EJA提供各种系列的飞机,比如说八分之一的部分所有权,如此他便可获得该飞机每年100个小时的飞行时数,不过每个月他还必须支付一些管理费以及真正搭乘的钟点费。然后,他只要在几个小时前通知EJA,公司就可以在全美指定的5500座机场安排好飞机。换言之,EJA的便利性与你打电话叫计程车一样的方便。

  巴菲特亲身使用EJA后,对此创意很欣赏,他把伯克夏的专机卖掉,与EJA达成了7.25亿美元(现金股票各半)的交易。

  EJA在1986年创办,目前也是同行业的翘楚,但仍是亏损,而且巴菲特预计2003年还会严重亏损。巴菲特的解释是EJA在美国赚取的少量利润被欧洲的亏损所抵消。EJA未来的前景可能很好,但巴菲特忽略了一点,企业主管没有几个会像巴菲特那般节俭,而这一点应该是经常指责CEO贪婪和玩世不恭的巴菲特很清楚的事情。

  (7)永远和胜者一起工作

  管理学教授孙涤先生读完2002年伯克夏年报后,提醒我注意巴菲特的管理有道。

  确实,在巴菲特致股东信的一开头,他就提到伯克夏拥有一个出色的管理团队。主要的证据是38年来,伯克夏从来没有一个部门或分公司的执行总裁跳槽到别的公司。包括副董事长查理在内,伯克夏有6个经理人超过75岁,而巴菲特和另外一个经理也已经72岁了。

  伯克夏的团队之所以有如此凝聚力,与巴菲特有意识不在经理背后指指点点有关。巴菲特早就说过,要是他这样做的话,大部分的经理人可能早就干不下去了,因为他们大多根本可以不必再靠工作过活,75%以上的人都已相当有钱。说实在的,巴菲特在这方面做得非常好。当年巴菲特收购伯克夏后,公司的主营业务纺织一直在走下坡路,直至最后不得不关闭。在分析失败的原因时,巴菲特不但没有对纺织厂经理责备,反而认为他们作为这么出色的经理对夕阳行业也无能为力。然后,反倒把自己批评了一番。同样,通用再保出了毛病,巴菲特也没说什么经理人不好,倒对他们的努力扭亏表示感谢。

  在2003年致股东的信中,巴菲特又以历史上一个真实的球童Bennett作为例子,来表达自己的管理理念。Bennett一直不断跳槽至棒球联赛冠军队,跟随他们一起成功。巴菲特自比球童,“在伯克夏,我经常把球棒交给许多美国业界最有份量的击球手”,成为一个胜利者,就要同胜利者一起工作。

  我们无缘让巴菲特作为自己的“球童”,但我们应该经常倾听一下来自奥马哈的声音,那胜利者的声音。

投资界的“波特”—沃伦·巴菲特与魔法石

1942年8月30日,美国首都华盛顿。

一个叫作沃伦·巴菲特(Warren Buffett)的小男孩儿迎来了他的12岁生日。那天,他收到一封猫头鹰带来的邀请信:一所名为霍格伍茨的魔法学校认为他具备修习魔法的能力,因而欢迎他去那里学习。于是他的父亲(也是一位魔法师)把他送回全家人的故乡,内布拉斯加的奥马哈。从那里,巴菲特进入了另一个世界。的确,当他18岁从霍格伍茨毕业,又在宾夕法尼亚、哥伦比亚、纽约等地游历归来,25岁的他已经成为了一名拥有魔法石(Sorcerer's Stone)的伟大魔法师……

无论我们以什么样的方式开始这篇文章,都不可能改变这位“世界上最伟大的投资者”已经以各种方式、各种角度以及在各种重要时刻被报道过这一事实。但此时我们仍然选择他为封面故事的主角,并不仅仅因为他是不朽的金融明星和令人不觉厌倦的话题—在经历过电信及互联网泡沫、明星公司进行大量内部交易、滥用金融工具并伪造报表,以及证监会监管行为存在漏洞等一系列让投资人感觉到被“背叛”的公众事件之后,这个市场必然要朝向更加良好的运行改变,这个时候我们应该更加认真地聆听巴菲特的智慧;

虽然自从2000年网络大潮退去之时起,巴菲特控股的伯克希尔·哈撒韦(Bershire Hathaway)公司已经从最低价每股40800美元上涨到70000美元的价位之上,但2001财年该公司实现收入负增长,这还是巴菲特接手以来的头一次。我们注意到,73岁的他也正在根据市场的变化进行相应的投资策略调整——这实在值得关注;

在广泛的推崇背后,是更多的人对于这位智者的陌生:你知道他的投资组合吗?你了解他的投资方法吗?你清楚他的投资原则的理论基础吗?甚至,你能用一句话来描述伯克希尔·哈撒韦的主营业务吗?

事实上,被称为“奥马哈的圣者”的巴菲特在投资方面的成就无疑相当于一位点石成金的白袍大法师——自从1942年11岁的巴菲特第一次购买股票以来,他以惊人的速度积敛了财富:13岁时巴菲特靠送报赚取了自己的头一个1000美元;22岁大学毕业时靠投资获得个人第一个一万美元;25岁他在自家卧室成立合伙企业时,个人资产已超过10万美元;1961年巴菲特31岁时,他的身家超过百万;4年后1965年巴菲特通过合伙企业取得伯克希尔·哈撒韦的经营权时,他也正式成为千万富翁;1981年他进入了亿万富翁俱乐部;1988年则突破10亿资产;到了1997年,他则为自己的身价添上了第10个“0”,这年他67岁。据预计,到2009年,巴菲特80岁的时候将可能成为历史上绝无仅有的千亿富翁之一,如果他能让旗下公司保持其历史平均的22%的年收入增长速度。

虽然其财产膨胀速度不及微软的比尔·盖茨(Bill Gates)、沃尔玛的山姆·沃顿(Sam Walton)等少数超级实业家,但他却是所有明星投资人中积累财富最多、最快也是最稳健的,作为唯一能在《福布斯》富豪排行榜上进入前十位的明星投资人,他显然打败了乔治·索罗斯(George Soros)、彼特·林奇(Peter Lynch)等同样富有盛名的同行。

他的法力源于何处?一块由本杰明·格雷厄姆(Benjamin Graham)于上世纪中期创立的名为“价值投资(Value Investment)理论”的魔法石——魔法石,通常被称为“贤者之石”,在近代炼金术中是炼金术士们追求的宝物,象征着知识的人格化、从无知愚昧(贱金属)到睿智理性(贵金属)的上升、通过神秘的转化而走向纯洁的人。

□□ 主流投资界的异端

所有的金融从业者的工作目标只有一个:战胜指数。无论自身所操盘的基金所得几何,甚至亏损,但只要能够战胜当年股市指数,则该人士就是成功的。自从1965年由巴菲特控股以来,除了几个个别年份,如网络股最为风光但巴菲特对之熟视无睹的1999年,伯克希尔·哈撒韦一直远远超越了S&P 500的成绩:这36年S&P 500的平均年收入增长为11.0%,而伯克希尔·哈撒韦的同比数据为22.6%,即便是去年出现6.2%的负增长,仍比S&P 500的-11.9%的成绩要好——如果在1965年投入一万美元于该公司,至2001财年结束你能收获5100万,但如果投在S&P 500上,只能回报47万元。

但巴菲特是华尔街的一个异端:这不仅因为他不像其他金融大鳄一样每日忙碌于华尔街(他至今仍居住在奥马哈),更因为他所采用的投资策略及原则与传统或者说主流投资界大相径庭。这两点导致后人在记录巴菲特的工作方式时,永远不会选择电影《华尔街》里的场景:慌乱的人们左手拿着一只电话,右肩和脸颊夹住另一只电话,右手则用铅笔在白纸上写写划划,眼前的彭博机(Bloomberg Machine)闪烁着绿色荧光,旁边不断传来“做多”、“做空”和证券代码以及骂人的声音……

通常意义上的现代金融理论,是从1929年美国股灾导致的全国性大萧条时开始的,大量沮丧的失业经纪人不知所措,又长期找不到工作,这让他们有了足够的空闲得以退回学术研究机构进行理论思索。

1952年,哈利·马可维茨(Harry Markowitz)发表了一篇“开创了现代金融”的论文:《证券选择》。这篇文章的核心观点是风险与回报的不可分性,即没有一个投资者能够在承担低于平均程度的风险的同时获得高于平均水平的回报。但他认为如果买一些具备不同风险趋向的股票,则能将风险降低。而且,协同变化性越小的投资组合,其回报与风险的比值越大。

10年之后,比尔·夏普(Bill Sharp)对马可维茨的工作进行了改进,提出应更多关注个股股价的波动性:波动性越大,则风险越大。个股的风险是一种无法通过多元化投资化解的风险,但正如马可维茨所指出的,存在一些风险是能够被多元化投资化解的,这就被称为“非相关性风险”。1964年夏普又提出了固定资产定价模型(简称CAPM),以此来更为简便地计算非相关性风险最小的投资组合。

与马可维茨和夏普的理论共同作为现代证券投资理论基础的,还有尤金尼·法码(Eugene Fama)的有效市场理论。他认为股市的参与者是绝对理性的,他们能够对每个新信息做出迅速而正确的判断,并由此改变股价的变化,这样一个充分有效的市场上,未来的股价是不可能预测的,所以除了运气因素,没有人能够击败大势。

但巴菲特的老师,哥伦比亚大学的本杰明·格雷厄姆于1947年前后提出的价值投资理论与上述几个理论是完全冲突的:市场既不是充分有效的,股价的波动与回报的关系也是有限的。在他看来,投资这一行为不是由选择投资组合的低风险性、持有的时间长这样的特点决定的,而应是“根据详尽的分析,本金安全和满意回报有保证的操作”,就是说,选定了一家具备良好潜质的企业,并在“相对低”的价位上——这两个标准的具体内容我们将在后面进行更详尽的介绍—购买该股票,然后若干年内通过企业分红实现收益,而不是在股价的涨跌瞬间判定选股正确与否。

作为格雷厄姆的最成功的门生,巴菲特充分执行了价值投资理论的原则。他常在说明自己选股的原则时进行这样一句说明:“我从不试图通过股票赚钱。我购买股票是在假设他们次日关闭股市,或在五年之内不再重新开放股市的基础上。”—既然如此,市场本身的变化就不再重要,市场反应是否足够有效也不重要,股价波动导致的风险存在与否也不再重要,唯一重要的是企业经营的能力。“从短期来看,(市场是)一家投票计算器。但从长期看,它是一架称重器。”

正是因此,一向理性的巴菲特说过一句似乎狂妄的话:“我对风险因素的理念毫不在乎,所谓的风险因素就是你不知道自己在干什么。”

□□ 寻求内在价值

“股价正在上升”,这句经常出现在专业人士口边的话曾被《顾客的游艇在哪儿?》一书的作者小弗雷德·施维德(Fred Schred,Jr.)认真地批评过:分析家们凭什么判断下一秒股票仍将上涨呢?事实上,每日进行K线图分析的人们的确无法给出一个肯定的答案,就像只知道三围数字无法还原一个女人的形貌。

格雷厄姆对此有一句精妙的评论:“(外界评论)一家企业的状况,只有一半是事实,而另一半却是人们的观点。”通常,影响股价变化的往往是人们的观点—扯远一点,这正是近年日渐兴盛的“混沌投资理论”,即人们的心理状态决定股市的变化这一理论的精到之处。也正是因此,不断观看阴线、阳线,研究踏浪理论的人们往往忽视了企业本身(虽然的确有一些著名投资人在盲人摸象的情况下因把握住市场的心理趋势而取得超人的成就,如索罗斯)。

在《聪明的投资人》的最后一章中,格雷厄姆道出了有关投资的最为重要的几个字眼:”安全边界“。巴菲特认为,这些思想观点,从现在起几百年之后,将仍然会被认作是合理投资的奠基石。总结为一句话,就是找出最杰出的公司,在适当的价格购买,并长期持有它。而在赚钱之前,确定的“安全边界”应该是“不赔钱”。

很显然,判定一家公司是否值得买,除了基本面层面的问题,还需要对购买价格有一个清晰的判定,这两者间的差值是未来公司升值的基础,被称为“内在价值”。事实上,符合以上标准的企业既不太多也不太少,也没有永远符合这一标准的。在1973年,伯克希尔·哈撒韦用1100万元买下《华盛顿邮报》11%的股权,但之后再没有增资扩股,对此,巴菲特的解释是再没有一个更好的低价位可以进入。尽管如此,其在《华盛顿邮报》的所有者权益已经价值10亿美元。

他每年做大约5至10起收购,但并不像多数惯于收购的企业一样在收购后派入自己的管理层,或者改变其公司原有工作流程,并宣称如何在新公司与旧体系各公司间取得合力,而是像一个大收藏家般把收购的企业随意搁置在一边。他也把收购对象集中于保险公司、电力供货商、制衣、有线电视、建材、商务飞机服务商等几大领域,这些都是无论在怎样的市场环境中业绩波动都不会太大的行业。除此之外,他还在可口可乐、美国运通、吉列、富国银行、迪斯尼等几家超级企业投入巨额资金,这就是被称为集中投资(Focus Investment)的方式。巴菲特做比喻说,这就像芝加哥公牛队在乔丹身上付出最多一样。

就像乔丹在球场具有主宰能力一样,巴菲特喜欢那些在一定领域内占统治地位的企业:“从长远来看,真的很难下结论:可口可乐和吉列的商业风险会远远低于其他电脑公司或零售公司吗?在世界范围内,可口可乐卖出大约44%的软饮料,而吉列拥有刀片市场超过60%(价值)的股票。暂且不考虑口香糖市场——箭牌(Wrigley)主宰着它。除此之外,我不知道别的哪家企业能在这么长时间内有这样的全球影响力。”他也曾开玩笑说想想每晚有25亿男人的胡须在生长,他们必须使用刀片,这足以让他睡个好觉。伯克希尔·哈撒韦另一个著名的传统是,收购一家企业后会留出其中10%的股权给经理人,让他们继续经营。一则充分带有巴菲特色彩的故事是1983年收购内布拉斯加家具市场,该企业由罗斯·布朗金(Rose Blumkin)夫人用500美元创立,在这位没上过中学的老人的苦心经营下,1983年内布拉斯加家具市场销售额已经达到10亿美元。

尽管如此,一个有趣的现象是:越来越多的观察人士认为,巴菲特真正与众不同之处在于他的企业家气质,他用收购堆砌起来的伯克希尔·哈撒韦则是一个保险企业及大量与日常生活休戚相关的物品各占一半份额的帝国。

很少过问收购企业的具体经营,并不意味着他对经营的外行。有经理人告诉记者,巴菲特的敏锐是惊人的,他可以把旗下任何一家子公司年报中的数字记下来,如果你让他在财务报表中发现任何令他不满的数据,下次你就要小心了。

□□ 守望者

随着安然、世界通讯及其他造假账公司的没落,巴菲特的价值再次凸现:标准普尔分析员布雷弗曼称,巴菲特带头改善企业的退休金管理及会计账目系统,只要巴菲特有份参与,有关公司便能建立良好的管治制度。

对于巴菲特“去腐生肌”的能力,一件事情可以做充分的说明:1991年所罗门兄弟公司交易商保罗·莫泽尔进行32亿美元财政证券的非法交易被《华尔街日报》头版头条揭露,事先知道此事但未做出任何处理的公司CEO约翰·古夫伦德被迫离职,而公司股东之一的巴菲特不得不临危授命。面对信用危机,巴菲特没有撕毁证据,而是把它们全部交给调查者,并重新建立了严格的报告制度。由于他的勇敢承担和苦心斡旋,所罗门兄弟公司虽然在这次丑闻中损失不小,但并未像预期一样破产,而是在两年内恢复了繁荣。

就像挽救所罗门兄弟一样,这一次人们期待巴菲特挽救所有公司。而他本人也正尝试在他持有大量股权的公司发挥影响力,强化有关公司的管理。例如,可口可乐去年便曾两度带领其他大企业改变会计账目手法。可口可乐于7月份带头把发给雇员的认股权以开支形式入账,随后又率先放弃发表季度盈利预测,以免令管理层受到要把业绩符合预测的过大压力,而两大行动都被视为巴菲特的胜仗。

现在,美国监管当局也希望推动企业成立独立的核数委员会,以确保公司管理层不会向会计师施加过分的压力,而巴菲特也成为协助当局推行此政策的有力武器。

对于期权制度,巴菲特早就发表过反潮流的声音:“除非情况非比寻常,否则,所有者廉价卖出自己的部分企业结果总不会太好——无论这种出售是对内还是对外。结论显而易见:股票期权应该以企业的真正价值出售。”

而对于假账,4年前巴菲特就提出了3个问题希望各会计公司回答:

“一、如果会计师能够独立对公司财务体系的会计审计负责,那么得出的数字是否会有所不同?如果不同,会计师应该解释管理层和他个人的不同意见。

“二、如果会计师是投资者,他认为目前对公司的报道能否帮助他对公司实质的财务状况深入理解?

“三、如果会计师把自己假设为公司CEO而进行会计和审计工作,公司的会计和审计过程还会是现在这样吗?区别在哪里?为什么?”

□□ 时代变了?

2001财年的成绩对于巴菲特而言绝对是沉闷的。虽然”9·11“事件导致其保险业务损失就达20亿美元,但或许这也并非一个偶然事件:自从1998年以220亿美元天价买下全世界第三大的再保公司通用再保险(General Reinsurance Corp.),累计损失已经超过30亿美元,一直是伯克希尔·哈撒韦的财务黑洞。

公司二把手查理·芒格(Charlie Munger)也在去年警告说,未来公司将可能不再能够为股东持续带来两位数的投资回报,这一数字很可能会将降至6%到7%。

香港资金管理公司South Ocean Partners的投资人理查德·麦康奈尔在给客户的一份时事通讯中表示巴菲特投资的行业太传统,需要依靠其高超的选股能力。这些公司没有科技前景,并将很快失去其年事渐高的管理者和董事长,而且没有接替者。此外,地域性过强也是一大局限。这些都可能让伯克希尔·哈撒韦的前景并不美妙。

□□ 难道格雷厄姆的魔法石失灵了吗?

哈格斯特朗认为,经历过这几年接连不断的教训,现在的市场的确更有效了,因此像以前一样单纯的寻找好企业然后耐心等待回报的日子一去不复返。一年前,他就意识到“现在已经没有显著的商业机会”,所以他开始关注股价严重缩水的大企业,特别是那些因投资者过度紧张而股价跌得过分的企业。但这并不意味着作为巴菲特忠实信徒的他背弃了价值投资理论,虽然不再耐心寻找“最好的”,哈格斯特朗开始在适当的价位接收一些他认为具备升值潜力的企业,比如正在信用危机中挣扎的泰科,他在13元的价位上大量购买股票,现在该股已经长到16元,比起当初6.98元的最低点长了近10元。

巴菲特也在做出相应的调整。为了保持规模达到930亿美元的公司稳步增长,现在他已经开始寻找50亿到200亿左右大小的收购对象,而不是几年前的1000万大小的企业。他亦表示准备将目标扩展到全球。

2003年最切近的机会可能是收购通用电气旗下的再保险企业(一种为保险公司进行保险以分散风险的企业)雇员再保险公司(Employers Reinsurance Corp.)——伯克希尔·哈撒韦的收入有一大半以上来自于保险公司的运营,而非进行股市操作或者持续的并购。如果成功,伯克希尔·哈撒韦将在保险业也正处于几十年来最低谷的时期被打造为全球最大的再保险商——此前再保险业务占全公司总收入的1/4左右。

通用电气自1984年买下雇员再保险公司后,后者一直是前者的重要现金支柱,但”9·11“给美国所有保险公司以巨大冲击,雇员再保险公司2002年全年损失预计在3.5亿美元到4亿美元之间,对于景况不佳的通用电气而言,这一亏损甚至可能影响到公司整体的信用评级,也将更深远的影响到公司现金流情况,因此,伊梅尔特(Jeffrey Immelt)决意将之出售。

对于伯克希尔·哈撒韦,这一收购意义重大。有分析师表示,由于”9·11“事件,再保保费大幅调涨,平均涨幅超过60%,如今再保产业变得相当重要,而一旦从前五大一举跃居成为第一大,巴菲特将拥有更强大的价格主导能力。

这也意味着极大的风险,毕竟同时解决两家巨型再保险公司的困难并不容易。为了扭转颓势,2002年巴菲特率领旗下众多保险公司主动出击:在提高收费的同时,他进入了其他同行望而却步的诸多领域,包括世界杯取消保险、南海石油基地、芝加哥西尔斯大厦财产保险,以及反恐怖主义保险。成功的冒进让公司在2002年成绩不菲:前三季度S&P 500亏损22%,但伯克希尔·哈撒韦盈利30亿美元。

而且,巴菲特闯入了两个他从未进入过的领域:能源业和电信业。其代表作分别是中美能源(MidAmerican Energy)和Level 3。而对于曾表示搞不懂的高科技行业,这次巴菲特的进入更给人以突兀之感。对此不愿过多评论的他表示他看重该公司创始人沃尔特·斯科特是一个重要的原因:“沃尔特有一种把事情由复杂变简单的能力。”

或许应该这样说:市场改变了,一个坚定的价值投资理论者应该在新的市场环境中寻找新的规则和机会,但基础的原则不应放弃——“你不是因为别人不同意你的意见就是对的或是错的。你是对的,仅仅因为你的事实是对的,你的推理是对的”,格雷厄姆的教诲对巴菲特影响深远,“如果总是做显而易见或大家都在做的事,你就赚不到钱”。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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